Top-down development

Pattern 6.4, Refinement Is a Relation, Not a Sequence Do not make the common mistake of thinking that refinement means top-down development it is a fundamental relation between different descriptions regardless of which one was built first. 

Use refinement for any combination of top-down, bottom-up, inside-out, or assembly-based development it does not imply sequential top-down development. 

The relationship between the value of n and the level of detail arises only within the top-down development of the system the size of the system (and remember, this is the description of the object) is increased in a step-wise process, from global variables into more and more detailed variables associated with an increasing number of system elements, until all the variables and relations in the original description are accounted for. This process does not (indeed, must not) add anything to the original description it recasts it in a form that will make the design process much more efficient. This is described in Chapter A5 here we shall first look at some of the implications for a set of n elements, no matter where in the top-down design process it is located. 

However, the greatest benefit of assigning a monetary value (or value function) to every function is that it allows us to define a common decision criterion for all projects. This criterion, which expresses the purpose of any project when we abstract from all project-specific features, becomes the point of departure for a step-wise, top-down development of a system description of the functionality. 

Figure 1.3 Today s bottom-up (equipment dominance) and sketch of future top-down (process dominance) approaches in process development.

The ABC/XYZ-method has been suggested by Fleischer and Schmidt in order to include environmental aspects into a screening and simplified LCA method already at the stage of product and process research and development (R D). They proposed an interactive, iterative and integrative top-down approach to identify advanced materials. This approach named euro Mat has been detailed by Fleischer et The authors stress that the simplific-... 

The ongoing development of top-down protein MS/MS capabilities (MS/MS) should prove quite valuable to researchers looking to identify and characterize proteins fractionated by 2DLC separations. Such methods are currently limited by restrictions on the maximum size of proteins analyzed, as well as analysis time-requirements that limit coupling of these methods with online LC analysis. Investigators from labs, such as Kelleher, McLafferty, Hunt (Coon et al., 2005 Meng et al., 2005 Han et al., 2006), and others are rapidly addressing these issues, and their methods will likely be adopted by many other researchers over the next few years. 

A project produces a subset of models and diagrams that describe the design. For some projects, the order in which these are produced will be mostly top-down for others, more bottom-up. In almost all cases there are multiple development tasks that can proceed in parallel depending on project resources and constraints. In all cases, the relationships among the artifacts are the same, and the most important initial methodology question for any project to answer is... 

A graphoepitaxy method has been developed in which a topographic top-down defined pattern on a substrate is used to direct the epitaxial growth in an overlaying block copolymer bottom-up nanostructure by creating a periodic thickness profile (Fig. 5). Fasolka and coworkers [66] employed a faceted silicon substrate, which has sawtooth-profile corrugations in the nanometer... 

In order to achieve improved nanofabrication performance, novel functional block copolymer systems are strongly desired. Many researchers have recognized this, and novel functional systems such as metal-containing block copolymer systems have significantly simplified and improved nanofabrication processes. The combination of top-down microscale patterns with the bottom-up nanopatterns are attractive for integrating functional nanostructures into multipurpose on-chip devices. However, in order to use these materials in real-time applications, further development is still needed. More ground-shaking discoveries are needed and are also fully expected. 

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