Exercises for Section

Bifunctional activation of CO leads to carbene-like resonance structures of the type shown in Equation 2-81. 

The attack of the electrophile is particularly facile in the case of anionic and other electron-rich complexes. The dual activation of CO ligands weakens the C-O bond and lowers the C-O stretching frequency in the IR spectrum. 

It has been found that the presence of Lewis acids or protons can accelerate carbonyl insertion reactions, providing another possibility of modifying catalysts. Mixtures of transition metal carbonyls and Lewis acids could in future be of interest as catalysts for CO hydrogenation, for example, in Fischer-Tropsch reactions (Eq. 2-82) [Til]. 

The hard electron acceptor A lowers the electron density in the CO moiety, facilitating attack of the hydride on the carbonyl carbon atom. 

In dinitrogen complexes, polarization of the N2 ligand occurs with an electron-rich metal center on one side and a strongly polarizing, hard cation on the other [13]. As an example, the following resonance structure can be given for the cobalt complex [ KCo(N2)(PMe3)3 g]  

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For a problem on optimizing the start-up cost of a battery of three CSTRs, see the exercises for Section 6.4. 

I 5 Heterogeneous Catalysis Fundamentals Exercises for Section 5.2 Exercise 5.1... 

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