Togaviruses

Togaviruses Rubella Spherical particles 70 nm in diameter, a tightly adherent envelope surrounds an icosahedral capsid Causes German measles in children. An infection contracted in the early stages of pregnancy can induce severe multiple congenital abnormalities, e.g. deafness, blindness, heart disease and mental retardation... 

The togaviruses, which are a little larger than the picomaviruses, have an icosahedral core surrounded by a lipid membrane. Yellow fever and rubella (German measles) are both caused by togaviruses. Other togaviruses, such as Sindbis virus502 and Semliki Forest virus,503 have become important in biological research. 

Tobacco mosaic virus 247, 334s, 336s Tocopherols 392,815 — 822,818 as antioxidants 822 a-Tocopherol (vitamin E) 819s Tocopherolquinone 818, 819, 819s Tocotrienols 818 Togavirus 247... 

The second strategy is used by enveloped viruses, such as togavirus and retrovirus, which are enveloped in the cytoplasmic membrane. They are generally released by the budding of cellular membranes or exocytose through a vacuole, usually without cellular lysis. 

Although there are mechanistic differences between retroviruses, paramyxoviruses, and the orthomyxovirus influenza, the viruses discussed to this point have definite structural and functional similarities including spikelike, trimeric native structures and the presence of coiled coils in their fusion-active subunits. The flaviviruses and alphaviruses, however, appear to be another class of enveloped viruses entirely. Flaviviruses include yellow fever. West Nile virus. Dengue virus, and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). Alphaviruses, of the togavirus family, include... 

Wengler, G. (1980). Effects of alphaviruses on host cell macromolecular synthesis. In The Togaviruses Biology, Structure, Replication (R. W. Schlesinger, Ed.), pp. 459-472. Academic Press, New York. 

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Rhabdoviruses Rabies virus Togaviruses Rubella virus Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus... 

Togaviruses Encephalitis, dengue fever, yellow fever... 

Enveloped viruses extensively studied include vaccinia virus, togavirus, influenza A virus, and rabies virus. Naked viruses also have been investigated quite extensively, including picornaviruses, poliovirus, coxsackievirus, and echo-virus. Enteroviruses, such as hepatitis A and B, and rotaviruses have been studied for their resistance to chemical and physical influences, including the effectiveness of alcohols. 

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