Toad extract

Toad extract, obtained from the secretions of the salivary and skin glands of Chinese toads, is commonly used in Chinese medicine. It contains bufotenine and a series of bufadienolides that are structurally similar to cardiac glycosides [119 ]. 

Kostakis C, Byard RW. Sudden death associated with intravenous injection of toad extract. Forensic Sci Int 2009 188 (1-3) el-5. 

Follicle-stimulating hormone release inhibition. Ethanol (95%) extract of the dried resin, administered intraperitoneally to toads at a dose of 10 mg/day for 14 days, was active. The results were significant at )< 0.01 leveF. ... 

CS216 Dixit, V. P., H. C. Jain, O. P. Verma and A. N. Sharma. Effects of cannabis extract on the testicular function of the toad Bufo andersonii Boulenger. Indian J Exp Biol 1977 15 555-556. 

The occurrence of quinolizidines in skin extracts from dendrobatid frogs has been suspected for some time (5), but only recently have sufficient mass and FTIR spectral data been obtained to permit assignment of structures to quinolizidines from dendrobatid and ranid frogs and bufonid toads. As yet, none of these quinolizidines has been isolated in quantities sufficient for nuclear magnetic resonance spectral characterization. 

Bufokinin, KPRPDQFYGL Ma, a substance P-related peptide isolated from an extract of the intestine of the toad Bufo marinus showing potent spasmogenic actions. This member of the non-mammalian... 

Yotsu, M., Mebs, D., and Yasumoto, T. 1992b. Tetrodotoxin and its analogues in extracts from the toad Atelopus oxyrhynchus family Bufonidae. Toxicon 30, 1489-1492. 

In toads Bufo regularis) orally administered 20 mg ground pepper in a saline solution daily, or subcutaneously administered 2 mg/ml of an ethanol extract of pepper three times a week, an increase in primary and secondary tumors was observed after 13 weeks of administration (el-Mofty et al. 1988). 

Carcinogenic effect of force-feeding an extract of black pepper Piper nigrum) in Egyptian toads Bufo regularis). Oncology 48(4) 347-350. 

Concerning rog larvae, Pfeiffer (1963, 1966) tested alarm responses in tadpoles of Rana esculenta, R. temporaria, R. pipiens, Hyla arborea, and Xenopus laevis to skin extracts of conspecifics, and concluded that fright reactions were not present in these species. Skin extract of R. temporaria was also negative in tests with toad Bufo bufo) tadpoles, and R. temporaria tadpoles did not respond to skin extract of toad tadpoles. These results made him suggest that non-bufonids lack both the alarm substance and the ability to respond to the alarm substance. 

The lowered GSH levels in the liver and muscle of hypophysectomized toads was restored to normal by injecting alkaline pituitary extract (5 cc./day for 9 days) (232). 

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