TNT Complexes

Basic Explosives Manufacture. The major quantities and the toughest problems are here. They include a) acid waters, treated with lime or soda ash, chemical washes, spills, washdowns b) Red Water from TNT purification. A complex, brick-red soln of Na nitrate, Na sulfate, Na sulfite, Na nitrite, and about 17% organics which include sulfonated nitrotoluene isomers and complex, unidentified dye-bodies c) dissolved expls, eg, Pink Water which is approx lOOppm TNT in w d) suspended expl particles — dust and chips and e) sometimes solvents such as acet, benz, and dimethyl aniline... 

Red Water — which can be almost black at times - also contains dissolved TNT however, it is not an incidental stream like Pink Water it is a major by-product stream from TNT manuf. The mixed-acid nitration of toluene yields not only 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, the desired product, but also a host of other isomers and by-products amounting to approx 4.5% of the total yield and it is necessary to remove them from the product. They are removed by extraction with a Na sulfite—Na carbonate soln which sulfonates and dissolves them the extract is called Red Water. Red Water is a very complex and somewhat variable mixt containing 15% or so of sulfonated or sellited nitrobodies and a number of inorganic salts. Typical components are w, NajSOj—NaS04, NaN02— NaNOj, sulfonated or... 

Silver perchlorate forms solid complexes with aniline, pyridine, toluene, benzene and many other aromatic hydrocarbons [1], A sample of the benzene complex exploded violently on crushing in a mortar. The ethanol complex also exploded similarly, and unspecified perchlorates dissolved in organic solvents were observed to explode [2], Solutions of the perchlorate in benzene are said to be dangerously explosive [3], but this may be in error for the solid benzene complex. The energy released on decomposition of the benzene complex has been calculated as 3.4 kJ/g, some 75% of that for TNT [4],... 

Picric acid, in common with several other polynitrophenols, is an explosive material in its own right and is usually stored as a water-wet paste. Several dust explosions of dry material have been reported [1]. It forms salts with many metals, some of which (lead, mercury, copper or zinc) are rather sensitive to heat, friction or impact. The salts with ammonia and amines, and the molecular complexes with aromatic hydrocarbons, etc. are, in general, not so sensitive [2], Contact of picric acid with concrete floors may form the friction-sensitive calcium salt [3], Contact of molten picric acid with metallic zinc or lead forms the metal picrates which can detonate the acid. Picrates of lead, iron, zinc, nickel, copper, etc. should be considered dangerously sensitive. Dry picric acid has little effect on these metals at ambient temperature. Picric acid of sufficient purity is of the same order of stability as TNT, and is not considered unduly hazardous in regard to sensitivity [4], Details of handling and disposal procedures have been collected and summarised [5],... 

TNT and potassium hydroxide in methanol will interact even at —65°C to give explosive acz -nitro salts (presumably o-quinonoid, or possibly Meisenheimer complexes). The explosion temperature is lowered to 160°C by the presence of a little potassium hydroxide. 

Chemicals degraded by WRF include pesticides such as organochlorines DDT and its very toxic metabolite DDE [8, 9] and organophosphate pesticides such as chlorpyrifos, fonofos and terbufos [10] polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) of different degrees of chlorine substitution [11-13], some even to mineralization [14, 15] diverse polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in liquid media and from contaminated soils or in complex mixtures such as creosote [16-18] components of munition wastes including TNT and its metabolites DNT [19-23], nitroglycerin [24] and RDX [25]. 

Great care must be exercised in the thermal analysis of certain sulfoxide complexes. Complexes of the type [Md SOl XX], (X = C104, N03, etc.) are known to be highly explosive on heating to elevated temperatures indeed, sulfoxide complexes with explosive properties equal to TNT and nitroglycerine have been reported in the patent literature (148,149). 

Under the experimental conditions [TNT] [DBU](I. the rate of formation of the second maximum (468 nm) is slow and the authors could make a quantitative evaluation of the first interaction attributed to the formation of a molecular complex (MC). The low reactivity under these conditions was interpreted as due to the fact that the MC has very little tendency to rearrange to the zwitterionic complex, since the amount of DBU complexed by TNB would be unavailable for the nucleophilic attack. Since in this system the base-catalysed step for departure of TIL does not exist, the small increase in k0bs values with the [DBU] was interpreted as evidence of the mechanism shown in Scheme 16. Similarly, the increase in k with [amine] observed in the reactions of FDNB with butylamine in... 

Tropomyosin is a fibrous molecule which twists around the F-actin strands. The troponin (Tn) complex is composed of three proteins Tnl (I = inhibitory) which prevents myosin binding to actin in the resting muscle, TnT which binds tropomyosin and TnC (C for calcium-binding). Cardiac muscle troponins are different from those of skeletal muscle and are designated cTnl, cTnT and cTnC. 

Tire present paper describes a simple and convenient procedure for the identification of explosives viz Picramide Hexyl 2,4-Dinitrophenetole (DNP) Tetryl s-TNT s-TNB 2,4,6-Trinitroanisole (TNA) 2,4-Dinitroanisole (DNA) 2,4,6-Trinitro-phenetole (TNP) DNCB m-DNB and Picryl Chloride (PC) in ordnance stores as charge-transfer complexes with amines utilizing TLC... 

The introduction of substituents can be achieved through nucleophilic substitution of nitro groups in TNT or its derivatives under the action of the corresponding nucleophiles. Yet, it is known [3,4] that, in the interaction of TNT with bases, instead of substitution of nitro groups, the formation of stable anion a-complexes is observed and a proton is eliminated from the methyl group yielding the 2,4,6-trinitrobenzyl anion with subsequent transformations of this anion taking place (Scheme 4.2). 

The presence of ammonia is very undesirable because it reacts with TNT to form a complex addition compd which ignites at 67°. In addition, the reaction between A1 and moisture produces hydrogen, which is highly inflammable in oxygen or oxygen-containing compds. If ammonia is detected in ammonals (identified by odor or hrown coloration), the shells should not be washed out be steam but by means of a stream of cold water... 

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