TNFR family

Trompouki, E., Hatzivassiliou, E., Tsichritzis, T., Farmer, H., Ashworth, A., and Mosialos, G. (2003). CYLD is a deubiquitinating enzyme that negatively regulates NF-kappaB activation by TNFR family members. Nature 424, 793-796. 

Both involve receptors of the tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family coupled to extrinsic signals. 

Selection of newly formed B cells to transitional, follicular and marginal-zone (MZ) B cells depends on integrated signals from several classes of surface receptors such as, the BCR and co-signals, the tumor-necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family, and the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). 

The death receptors of the TNFR family include TNFR1, Fas (CD95), DR3/WSL, and the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL/Apo-2L) receptors. When these receptors are bound by a ligand (TNF, Fas-ligand (FasL), etc.), apoptosis may occur [25]. 

Chaudhary PM, Eby M, Jasmin A, Bookwalter A, Murray J, Hood L (1997) Death receptor 5, a new member of the TNFR family, and DR4 induce FADD-dependent apoptosis and activate the NF-kB pathway. Immunity 7 821-830... 

Both tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFR) are type I transmembrane proteins, also belonging to a large family of proteins, the TNFR superfamily... 

The stress or growth pathways modulated by vanadium involve specialized effectors and often can be activated by excess ROS. Cytokines, small proteins that effect communication between cells or cell behavior, can be involved in the cellular stress response. Tumor necrosis factor a (TNFa) is a cytokine stress signal that binds to a membrane receptor (tumor necrosis factor receptor, or TNFR). This interaction stimulates kinase activity that leads to cell injury and inflammation and also to the activation of caspases, a family of cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed proteases that are involved in apoptosis. The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade regulates both mitosis and apoptosis signaling pathways. 

FIP-2, also called NEMO-related protein, contains two leucine zipper domains. Overexpression of FIP-2 does not cause cell death, but can reverse the protective effect of 14.7K on cell death induced by overexpression of the TNFR intracellular domain or RIP (Li et al. 1998). FIP-1 is identical to RagA and belongs to the family of small GTPases (Li et al. 1997). It does not cause cell death but forms ternary complexes with 14.7K and TCTEL, a component of the microtubule motor protein dynein (Horwitz 2001). It will be interesting to see whether these interactions of 14.7K are also detectable during virus infection and whether they influence the TNF signal cascade. 

The molecule CD95 (Fas) is a member of the TNFR-super family its ligand FasL belongs to the TNF-a superfamily. CD95 was expressed on lung T cells (66,91,101,102), and FasL was detected in AMs from sarcoid patients (101). However, the role of this ligand/receptor system in the immunopathogenesis of sarcoidosis remains unclear because no association with clinical features of sarcoidosis was detected (101). 

Other TNF-related genes have been identified in the Zhikong scallop, such as a TNFR homologue (Li et al, 2009) and a tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), which is a key signalling adaptor molecule common to the TNFR superfamily and to the IL-IR/TLR family, which is involved in PGN signalling (Qiu et al, 2009). 

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