Titanium blasting

Experiment research on flexural performance of reinforced concrete beam by high titanium blast furnace slag... 

According to the common concrete mixture ratio design regulation (JGJ 55-2011) and the institute of Panzhihua engineering structure experiment center of results for the research of concrete mixture ratio, there is a design for concrete beam mixture ratio of High titanium blast furnace slag, listed as Table 2. 

High titanium blast furnace slag reinforced concrete beam under the load, only small crack appeared before the reinforced yielded, and it mainly concentrated in the cross area. When the reinforced yielded, the crack s width significantly increased. Continue to increase load, the width of the cracks beyond the limit. The artifacts were completely destroyed finally. The failure mode of LI shown in Figure 3. 

High titanium blast furnace slag reinforced concrete beam accord with the assumption named plane hypothesis. 

The yield deflection and the limit deflection of high titanium blast furnace slag reinforced concrete beam meet the requirements. The ductility of the beam decreased with the increase of test beam reinforcement ratio. 

Stable oxides, such as those of clrromium, vanadium and titanium cannot be reduced to the metal by carbon and tire production of these metals, which have melting points above 2000 K, would lead to a refractoty solid containing carbon. The co-reduction of the oxides widr iron oxide leads to the formation of lower melting products, the feno-alloys, and tlris process is successfully used in industrial production. Since these metals form such stable oxides and carbides, tire process based on carbon reduction in a blast furnace would appear to be unsatisfactory, unless a product samrated with carbon is acceptable. This could not be decarburized by oxygen blowing without significairt re-oxidation of the refractory metal. 

In recent years, there has been interest in using zinc as a power-impressed anode for the cathodic protection of steel in concrete. The zinc is flame sprayed onto a grit blasted concrete surface to a final film thickness of approximately 250 m. A primary anode is necessary. Early systems used brass plates as the primary anode, but more recent systems used platinised titanium or niobium wire anodes as the primary current conductor. 

Batch-type production processes, particularly those with small batch sizes, have less energy efficiency as compared to continuous processes. A typical example of a batch operation on a relatively small scale is the production of titanium in 1-ton batches of the metal. The energy efficiency of the process is much less than that of continuous methods such as iron being produced in a blast furnace, or even of large-scale batch methods such as basic oxygen steel-making. The heat losses per unit of production are much less in continuous and large-batch processes, and this also enables the waste heat from process streams to be used. 

One might note the striking similarity between Cases I and II. In both, a crucible failure allowed water to enter and mix with molten titanium. Steam (and hydrogen) formed and the pressure increased so as to bulge the crucible and rupture the safety discs. Tamping the water-metal mix by the fall of the electrode then caused a major explosion. No injuries resulted in the Case II incident because the vault walls provided protection. No data were available to allow an estimation of blast pressures, but as described, the vault construction maintained its integrity and the wave was forced to exit from the bottom. 

Prom the following thermodynamic data, with the assumptions that the heat capacities of reaction are negligible and that standard conditions (other than temperature) prevail, calculate the temperatures above which (a) carbon monoxide becomes the more stable oxide of carbon, in the presence of excess C (6) carbon is thermodynamically capable of reducing chromia (Cr2Os) to chromium metal (c) carbon might, in principle, be used to reduce rutile to titanium metal and (d) silica (taken to be a-quartz) may be reduced to silicon in a blast furnace. 

Iron combines with titanium, which is often found with it in the products of the blast furnace but it seems incapable of taking up any great quantity of that metal for, although the two metals are fused together, they readily separate, and only a small portion of the titanium remains with the iron. 

Write chemical equations that describe the following processes (a) the reduction of hematite in a blast furnace (b) the reduction of titanium tetrachloride to titanium metal (c) the removal of silica, Si02, from iron ore. 

Abstract—The effects of metal alkoxide type and relative humidity on the durability of alkoxide-primed, adhesively bonded steel wedge crack specimens have been determined. Aluminum tri-sec-butoxide, aluminum tri-tert-butoxide, tetrabutyl orthosilicate, and titanium(IV) butoxide were used as alkoxide primers. Grit-blasted, acetone-rinsed mild steel adherends were the substrates bonded with epoxy and polyethersulfone. The two aluminum alkoxides significantly enhanced the durability of the adhesively bonded steel, while the titanium alkoxide showed no improvement in durability over a nonprimed control. The silicon alkoxide-primed samples gave an intermediate response. The failure plane in the adhesively bonded samples varied with the relative humidity during the priming process. 

The iron blast furnace, which is the first step in the production of steel, provides an example of a counter-current flow moving-bed reactor in which numerous gas-solid reactions occur. Iron ore, coke, and limestone are charged to the top, while hot air is fed to the bottom of a refractory-lined reactor vessel. The solids have a residence time of 6-8 hr, whereas the air residence time is only 6-8 sec. The iron ore may contain 50-70% iron, while the molten iron product will typically contain about 95% iron, 4% carbon, and 1% of a number of compounds including silicon, manganese, titanium, phosphorus, and sulfur. 

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