Tissue sensors

Analyte Sample Tissue Sensor Linear range (moll 1) Limit of Response Lifetime Ref. 

Makale MT, Chen PC, Gough DA. Variants of the tissue-sensor array window chamber. American Journal of Physiology Heart and Circulatory Physiology 2005, 289, 57-65. 

Nearly unsurmountable difficulties with intravascular sensing might shift research interest in the direction of tissue sensors. The latter are used subcutaneously or in muscles and organs and these tissues present apparently a less hostile environment for the sensors than the bloodstream. The handicap of tissue sensors in that the measured values do not agree with blood values might prove to be an advantage in cases where information about the status of a particular site of the body is needed. 

A very interesting analytical approach was chosen by Updike and Treichel [286] who constructed a tissue sensor for antidiuretic hormone (ADH) using a toad bladder tissue membrane over the surface of a sodium ion-sensing glass electrode. The measurement was based on the enhancement of sodium ion transport in the presence of ADH. The bladder membrane must be oriented with its mucosal side towards the sodium electrode because the transport occurs only from the mucosal to the serosal side. The ADH assay was very fast (response time about 10s) however, sodium transport was also affected by some other hormones and thus this method is not specific. 

FIGURE 6-12 The mixed tissue (banana) carbon-paste sensor for dopamine. PPO = polyphenol oxidase. (Reproduced with permission from reference 36.)... 

Advancing the field of process engineering. Important generic goals for research include the development of separation processes for complex and fragile bioproducts the design of bioreactors for plant and mammalian tissue culture and the development of detailed, continuous control of process parameters by rapid, accurate, and noninvasive sensors and instruments. 

TOF-SIMS has important potentials in many areas of life science, in fundamental and applied research as well as in product development and control. This holds for the characterization of biological cells and tissues, of sensor and microplate arrays, of drug delivery systems, of implants, etc. In all these areas, relevant surfaces feature a very complex composition and structure, requiring the parallel detect ion of many different molecular species as well as metal and other elements, with high sensitivity and spatial resolution requirements, which are exactly met by TOF-SIMS. 

Figure 7.5. Feedback diagram for skeletal mechanical regulation. When forces are applied to a whole bone, the stimulus that results is sensed by the bone cells in the tissue. The sensor cells then signal bone-forming and -removing cells to change the geometry and material properties of the bone.

Kundu K, Knight SF, Willett N, Lee S, Taylor WR, Murthy N (2009) Hydrocyanines a class of fluorescent sensors that can image reactive oxygen species in cell culture, tissue, and in vivo. Angew Chem Int Ed 48 299-303... 

He X. Rechnitz G.A., Plant tissue-based pyruvate fiberoptic sensor, Anal. Chim. Acta 1995 316(1) 57-63. 

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