Tetrachloride, tin

Tin Sol process Tin sphene Tinstone Tin sulfide Tinted contact lenses Tinted sealers Tin tetrachloride... 

A convenient synthesis of organochlorosilanes from organosilanes is achieved by reaction with inorganic chlorides of Hg, Pt, V, Cr, Mo, Pd, Se, Bi, Fe, Sn, Cu, and even C. The last compounds, tin tetrachloride, copper(II) chloride, and, under catalytic conditions, carbon tetrachloride (117,118), are most widely used. 

Tin tetrachloride has been used to prepare the stericaHy hindered triisopropylchlorosilane [13154-24-0] (119). Organobromosdanes are obtained under similar conditions through reaction with cupric and mercuric bromide. These reactions are most suitable for stepwise displacement of hydrogen to form mixed hydridochlorosilanes or in systems sensitive to halogen (120). Hydrides have also been displaced using organic bromides. Heating triethylsilane and... 

If the reaction temperature is controlled through the use of a low boiling solvent or other means, it is possible to isolate equimolar quantities of monoalkyl tin trichloride and tri alkyl tin chloride using a 1 1 ratio of tetraorganotin and tin tetrachloride ... 

The production of triphenyl tin hydroxide [76-87-9] and triphenyl tin acetate [900-95-8] start with triphenyl tin chloride, which is prepared by the Kocheshkov redistribution reaction from tetraphenyltin and tin tetrachloride. The hydroxide is prepared from the chloride by hydrolysis with aqueous sodium hydroxide. The acetate can be made directiy from the chloride using sodium acetate or from the hydroxide by neutrali2ation with a stoichiometric quantity of acetic acid. 

PE, 4. 26 73MI30102, 74MI30100), 587 <73JA291> Furan, tetrahydro-, tin tetrachloride complex dipole moment, 4, 555 B-63MI31000)... 

The flask is then cooled in ice, and in the course of about 20 minutes 83 g. of tin tetrachloride (37 ml., 0.32 mole) is added with vigorous stirring (Note 5). The mixture is heated at the reflux temperature for 1 hour, after which the condenser is set for distillation. During 1.5 hours the ether is rem ved by distillation while the flask is heated by an ample supply of steam (Notes 6 and 7). 

For adding the tin tetrachloride it is advisable to use a dropping funnel which contains no ether vapor, since the latter gives troublesome formation of solid etherate. 

Tetraethyltin has been prepared from tin-sodium alloy and ethyl iodide, from tin-sodium-zinc alloy and ethyl bromide, and from tin tetrachloride and ethylmagnesium bromide. The method described is essentially that of Pfeiffer and Schnur-mann. ... 

Lewis acids are defined as molecules that act as electron-pair acceptors. The proton is an important special case, but many other species can play an important role in the catalysis of organic reactions. The most important in organic reactions are metal cations and covalent compounds of metals. Metal cations that play prominent roles as catalysts include the alkali-metal monocations Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+, and Rb+, divalent ions such as Mg +, Ca +, and Zn, marry of the transition-metal cations, and certain lanthanides. The most commonly employed of the covalent compounds include boron trifluoride, aluminum chloride, titanium tetrachloride, and tin tetrachloride. Various other derivatives of boron, aluminum, and titanium also are employed as Lewis acid catalysts. 

Titanium tetrachloride and tin tetrachloride can form complexes that are related in character to both those formed by metal ions and those formed by neutral Lewis acids. Complexation can occur with an increase in the coordination number at the Lewis acid or with displacement of a chloride from the metal coordination sphere. 

Copiously flush eyes with water for up to 15 min, and skin with water and soap - except in the case of substances such as quicklime whose reaction with water is exothermic (1 g generates >18 kcal), titanium or tin tetrachloride, both of which rapidly hydrolize to form hydrochloric acid... 

SOLVENT, n.o.s. SPENT MIXED ACID see ACID MIXTURES, SPENT, NITRATING STAIN see PAINTS, ENAMELS, LACQUERS, STAINS, etc. STANNIC CHLORIDE see TIN TETRACHLORIDE 1993 ... 

TIKTOK , dicofol, 128 Timminco Ltd., 150 Tin and Tin Compomids, 128 Tinfos Jernverk AS, 196 Tin organic compomids, 129 Tin tetrachloride, 129... 

With bromine trifluonde and 1% tin tetrachloride as a catalyst, 1,3-dichloro 2-fluoropropane gives 1,2,3 tnfluoropropane Without the catalyst, l-chloro-2,3 difluoropropane provides a four-component product mixture 1,2,3-trifluoro-propane, 3-chloro-l,l,2-tnfluoropropane, l-chloro-2,2,3-tnfluoropropane, and 1,1,2,3-tetrafluoropropane [9] (equations 7 and 8)... 

When 1,1,1,3-tetrachloropropane is combined with 1% tin tetrachloride and broimne trifluonde, a mixture of 1 -fluoro-1,1,3-tnchloropropane, 1,3-dichloro-1,1-difluoropropane, and 1, l-dichloro-l,3-difluoropropaneis obtained [9] (equation 9)... 

Tetra-borsMure, /. tetraboric acid, -bromkoh-ienstoff, m. carbon tetrabromide. -chlor-kohlenstofF, m. carbon tetrachloride, -chlor-zinn, n. tin tetrachloride, -eder, n. tetra hedron. 

Fig. 4.—Radial distribution curves for carbon and silicon tetrafluorides and silicon, germanium and tin tetrachloride.

The alkylation of tin tetrachloride with organolithium compounds, Grignard reagents, or organoaluminum compounds remains the most common route to tetraalkyltins, and thence, by the Kocheshkov disproportionation, to the various organotin halides. 

These two methods, together with the Wurtz modification of coreacting an alkyl halide and tin tetrachloride with metallic sodium, are used industrially 34). 

The allyltin halides can then be obtained by a disproportionation reaction between tetraallyltin and tin tetrachloride or tetrabromide, a reaction that is exothermic (143,144). 

Organotin chlorides, R SnCl4 , are usually obtained from the Ko-cheshkov disproportionation between tetraalkyltins and tin tetrachloride, and other organotin derivatives, R SnX4 , are then prepared by substitution reactions of the chlorides. The chemistry of the chlorides is reviewed in reference (181). 

Sn -I- 2RI R2Snl2 (where R is the alkyl group and I is the anion). Methyltin stabilizers are produced by direct synthesis in the United States. Dibutyltin dichloride is manufactured from crude tetrabutyltin and tin tetrachloride and is usually catalysed with aluminium trichloride (Blunden Evans, 1989 Gaver, 1997 Thoonen et al, 2001). 

Within a commercial organotin product, there will always be some quantity of related substances in addition to the substance itself In some cases, the performance of these products relies upon the presenee of more than one related substance (e.g. mono- and disubstituted octyltin stabilizers), whereas in others, the related substances are present as an inevitable impurity. For example, tributyltin chloride will contain impurities of mono-, di-, and tetrabutyltins, as well as tin tetrachloride (Parametrix, 2002a,b). 

Thoonen S, Deelman BJ, van Koten G (2001) Platinum- and palladium-catalysed Kocheshkov redistribution of dialkyltin dichlorides or tetraalkyltins with tin tetrachloride. Chemical Communications, 18 1840-1841. 

C09-0020. Tin tetrachloride (S11CI4) is an important starting material for the preparation of a variety of tin compounds. Build the Lewis structure for SnCl4 and determine its shape. 

Nitrobenzene/tin tetrachloride mixture decomposes violently at a temperature starting at 160°C. 

Lewis acids such as zinc chloride, boron trifluoride, tin tetrachloride, aluminum chloride, methylaluminum dichloride, and diethylaluminum chloride catalyze Diels-Alder reactions.22 The catalytic effect is the result of coordination of the Lewis acid with the dienophile. The complexed dienophile is more electrophilic and more reactive toward electron-rich dienes. The mechanism of the addition is believed to be concerted and enhanced regio- and stereoselectivity is often observed.23... 

In the production of titanium, the chlorination of rutile generates approximately 0.12 tons of waste for every ton of titanium tetrachloride produced. If ilmenite is directly chlorinated, the amount of waste is 1.5 tons for every ton of titanium tetrachloride. Large amounts of ferric chloride are produced along with volatile chlorides and oxychlorides (e.g., aluminum trichloride, silicon tetrachloride, carbon oxychloride, tin tetrachloride, vanadium tetrachloride, vanadium oxychloride) these can be removed by selective distillation. In flu-idized-bed chlorination, the build-up of liquid calcium chloride and magnesium chloride in the fluid bed interferes with the process of fluidization and hence these must be removed. 

Glyoxal-sodium bisulfite, 30, 86 Glyoxylic acid, w-butyl ester, 35, 18 ethyl ester, diethyl acetal, 35, 59 Grignard reaction, addition to ethyl sec-butylidenecyanoacetate, 35, 7 allylmagnesium bromide with of,(3-di-bromoethyl ethyl ether, 36, 61 allylmagnesium chloride with a,/3-di-bromoethyl ethyl ether, 36, 63 ethylmagnesium bromide with tin tetrachloride, 36, 86... 

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