Time frame generator

Fig. 31. Data aqmsition system used for research on polymers at DORIS. The start/stop signals emanating from a linear position sensitive detector is digitized by time-digital converter. The patterns are stored in a 64 kbyte memory. The time information is furnished by a time frame generator. The output of a thermocouple etc. is stored in the calibration channel unit. Data evaluation is possible by a PDF 11/24 computer. (C Constant Fraction Discriminator A Amplifier)...

Fig. 15. Panel A shows a schematic diagram of a combined saxs/waxs experimental station suitable for time-resolved experiments. In this case the sample is placed at the center of a curved waxs detector which is placed such that the saxs scattering pattern is not obscured. The sample-saxs detector distance can be varied depending on the required g-range needed. The two independent detector systems are synchronized by the use of a single time frame generator. In panels B and C the simultaneously collected saxs and waxs curves, produced with the setup shown in panel A, from a heating/cooling experiment on HDPE are shown.

Fig. 25. Combined optical and x-ray experiment. By using a thin x-ray transparent mirror a polarized light beam is guided parallel to the x-ray beam through the sample. A second mirror mounted on the x-ray beam spot deflects the light onto a photodiode. The sample orientation can be influenced by using an electric field. Key D = detector P = polarizer M = mirror S = sample B = beamsplitter SM = stepper motor TFG = time frame generator. Courtesy of N. Gleeson.

Real time. A data-acquisition method in which the mass spectra are generated within the same time frame as the original experiment. 

Cold flow studies have several advantages. Operation at ambient temperature allows construction of the experimental units with transparent plastic material that provides full visibility of the unit during operation. In addition, the experimental unit is much easier to instrument because of operating conditions less severe than those of a hot model. The cold model can also be constructed at a lower cost in a shorter time and requires less manpower to operate. Larger experimental units, closer to commercial size, can thus be constructed at a reasonable cost and within an affordable time frame. If the simulation criteria are known, the results of cold flow model studies can then be combined with the kinetic models and the intrinsic rate equations generated from the bench-scale hot models to construct a realistic mathematical model for scale-up. 

The standard calorimetric reaction of tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (THAM) neutralization with HC1 was used in several initial experiments to determine both precision and accuracy for the data acquisition and reduction process. Three to five minutes were allowed between acid additions, since this same time frame was used for all later suspension titrations in order to minimize the effects of slow surface reactions which occur during a titration (9,29,30). The amount of acid added in each experiment was varied to generate heat changes of 40-400 mj (typical heat changes observed in our adsorption studies with goethite suspensions). 

Another enhancement, the SYSCO Loading System (SLS), confirms the accuracy of products selected, then generates a map detailing precise order locations on the delivery trucks so that they are placed in the correct temperature area, are stabilized, and are easily accessible to the driver. Once the trucks are loaded, deliveries are made according to a RoadNet system that assigns optimum delivery routes to minimize driving distances and schedules deliveries within customers desired time-frames. 

There is some confusion about what is meant by Shock Sensitivity. In this article we will define shock sensitivity as the reaction of condensed expls in time frames of microseconds to shocks whose amplitude is generally in the kilobar range. Furthermore, shocks are defined as steep-fronted compression waves that propagate at supersonic velocities in the medium that they traverse. Thus the article will be limited primarily to consideration of the effects of explosively generated shocks... 

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