Ticks scapularis

Babesiosis A group of tick-bome diseases of mammals including zoonoses in humans. They are caused by protozoans of the genus babesia, which parasitize erythrocytes, produdng hemolysis. In the U.S., the organism s natural host is mice and transmission is by the deer tick ixodes scapularis. [nih]... 

A system for managing tick vectors of human Lyme disease is currently sold in the United States. Consisting of a plastic box that allows white-footed mice, hosts for the nymphal deer tick vector Ixodes scapularis), to enter and receive a swipe of a liquid fipronil formulation on their backs, this system significantly reduces the number of adult and larval ticks on the mice, the infection rate of the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi) in the mice and the number of host-seeking nymphs on treated properties [137]. The system effectively interrupts the natural disease cycle and can lead to reduced numbers of human cases of Lyme disease when used properly. 

Teglas,M.B.andFoley,J. (2006) Differences in thetransmissibility of two Anap/aima phagocytophilum strains by the North American tick vector species, Ixodes pacific us and Ixodes scapularis (Acari Ixodidae). Exp. Appl. Acarol. 38,47-58. 

The presence of multi-copy genes in the salivary glands of different species of ticks has been well documented. The presence of several copies of SalplS homologues has been described in /. padficus However, to date, no other homologue of Salpl S has been described in /. scapularis. 

Francischati IM, Valenzuela JG, Andersen JF et aL Ixolaris, a novel recombinant tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) from the salivary gland of the tick, Ixodes scapularis identification of factor X and faaor Xa as scaffolds for the inhibition of faaor Vlla/tissue factor complex. Blood 2002 99 3602-3612. 

Sukumaran B, Narasimhan S. Anderson JF et aL An Ixodes scapularis protein required fr>r survival of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in tick salivary glands. J q> Med 2006 203(6) 1507-1517. 

Das S, Bancrjee G, DePonte K et al. Salp25D, an Ixodes scapularis Antioxidant, Is 1 of 14 immunodominant antigens in engorged tick salivary glands. J Infect Dis 2001 184(8) 1056-1064. 

Narasimhan S, DePonte K, Marcantonio N et al. Immunity against Ixodes scapularis salivary proteins expressed within 24 hours of attachment thwarts tick feeding and impaits Borrelia transmission. PLoS ONE 2007 2 e451. 

Sheele JM, Byers PA, Sonenshine DE. Initial assessment of the ability of ivermectin to loll Ixodes scapularis and Dermacentor variabilis ticks feeding on humatts. Wilderness Environ Med 2013 24 48-52. 

Additional histamine-binding proteins were putatively identified by characterization of cDNAs prepared from mRNAs of salivary glands of /. scapularis (5(f) and Amblyomma americanum (51). As genomic and proteomic studies of tick salivary glands progress additional molecules that modulate these important mediators will certainly be described. 

Genes encoding putative metalloproteases are present in the salivary glands of/, scapularis 50). Tick saliva metalloproteases would provide another means of preventing platelet aggregation, hi addition, the disruption of extracellular matrix likely contributes to maintaining the feeding lesion around tick mouthparts. 

J. F. Carroll, C. L. Cantrell, J. A. Klun, and M. Kramer, Repellency of two terpenoid compounds isolated from Callicarpa americana (Lamiaceae) against Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum ticks, Exp. Appl. AcaroL, 41 215-224, 2007. 

---