Thyroid gland treatment

Hypothyroidism (myxedema) results when there is a breakdown of thyroid hormone production in the thyroid gland. Treatment consists of replacing this hormone with aforementioned drugs. Treatment with levothyroxine, 3,5,3, 5 -tetraiodothyronine, is preferred. Lyothyronin, L-3,5,5 -triiodothyronine, is also used, as is lotrix, a mixture of levothyroxine and levothyronine in a 4 1 ratio. Of the drugs of animal origin, thyroidin and thy-roglobulin (proloid) are used. 

The main role of the human thyroid gland is production of thyroid hormones (iodinated amino acids), essential for adequate growth, development, and energy metaboHsm (1 6). Thyroid underfunction is an occurrence that can be treated successfully with thyroid preparations. In addition, the thyroid secretes calcitonin (also known as thyrocalcitonin), a polypeptide that lowers excessively high calcium blood levels. Thyroid hyperfunction, another important clinical entity, can be corrected by treatment with a variety of substances known as antithyroid dmgs. 

The selective uptake of iodide ion by the thyroid gland is the basis of radioiodine treatment in hyperthyroidism, mainly with although various other radioactive isotopes ate also used (40,41). With a half-life of eight days, the decay of this isotope produces high energy P-particles which cause selective destmction within a 2 mm sphere of their origin. The y-rays also emitted are not absorbed by the thyroid tissue and are employed for external scanning. 

Hyperthyroidism, that is, the overproduction of thyroid hormones, is usually treated by surgical removal of the thyroid gland. Before such a procedure is undertaken, the hyperthyroidism is usually first brought under control by treatment with so-called antithyroid agents. 

Iodine-131 is used in the treatment of tumors in the thyroid gland. Its half-life is 8.1 days. Suppose that, due to a shipment delay, the 1-131 in a hospital s pharmacy is 2.0 days old. 

Despite the availability of a wide array of thyroid hormone products, it is clear that synthetic levothyroxine (LT4) is the treatment of choice for almost all patients with hypothyroidism. LT4 mimics the normal physiology of the thyroid gland, which secretes mostly T4 as a prohormone. As needed, based on metabolic demands, peripheral tissues convert thyroxine (T4)... 

Surgical removal of the thyroid gland should be considered in patients with a large gland (>80 g), severe ophthalmopathy, or a lack of remission on antithyroid drug treatment. 

To understand the MOA by which the thyroid tumors are produced, the effect of pyrethrins on rat thyroid gland, thyroid hormone levels, and hepatic thyroxine UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity was also investigated [128]. The treatment of male rats with 8,000 ppm pyrethrins, female rats with 3,000 and 8,000 ppm pyrethrins, and both sexes with phenobarbital resulted in increased thyroid gland... 

In a 3-week study in which disulfoton was applied to the shorn, unabraded skin of rabbits and left for 6 hours, 5 days/week, gross and histological examination of the adrenal and thyroid glands revealed no treatment-related lesions at <1.6 mg/kg/day (Flucke 1986). 

Iodine is an essential nutrient element required for thyroid gland. It is added to salt and to animal feeds for the prevention of goiter. In medicine it is used as a therapeutic reagent for the treatment of various thyroid-related diseases. It also is used as an antiseptic. Radioactive isotopes of iodine are used for treating thyroid cancer, heart diseases including tachycardia, and as a tracer for diagnosing certain diseases. 

TSH is approved for medical use as a diagnostic aid in the detection of thyroid cancer/thyroid remnants in post-thyroidectomy patients. Thyroid cancer is relatively rare, exhibiting the highest incidence in adults, particularly females. First-line treatment is surgical removal of all or most of the thyroid gland (thyroidectomy). This is followed by thyroid hormone suppression therapy, which entails administration of T3 or T4 at levels sufficient to maintain low seum TSH levels through the negative feedback mechanism mentioned earlier. TSH suppression is required... 

In addition, the metabohsm of OCAs results in the release of large amounts of E into the circulation. As described for KI, I released from OCAs may have effects at the thyroid gland and if used alone to treat hyperthyroidism, OCAs carry the same potential to induce increased secretion of thyroid hormone and exacerbation of thyrotoxicosis. When an OCA is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism, large doses of antithyroid agents are usually administered concomitantly. However, the combination of OCAs and antithyroid drugs may cause resistance to the antithyroid drugs with time, presumably because of the elevation in intrathyroidal 1 content. Thus, it is recommended that the use of OCAs be reserved for short-term treatment of patients with severe thyrotoxicosis and significant comorbidity (e.g., myocardial infarction, sepsis, stroke) for rapid control of plasma Tj concentrations. 

The most serious complication of hyperthyroidism is thyroid storm (thyrotoxic crisis). This is an acute exacerbation of hyperthyroidism with marked tachycardia, fever, mental status changes and haemodynamic collapse. It is usually precipitated by acute illness, trauma, parturition or surgery, especially of the thyroid gland. The mortality rate is 20-30%, even with aggressive treatment, due to cardiac failure, arrhythmias or hyperthermia. 

Her weight is 136 lb (61.8 kg), an increase of 10 lb (4.5 kg) in the last year. Her thyroid gland is not palpable and her reflexes are delayed. Laboratory findings include a thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level of 14.9 pIU/mL and a free thyroxine level of 8 pmol/L. Evaluate the management of her past history of hyperthyroidism. Identify the available treatment options for control of her current thyroid status. 

As part of a radio-iodine treatment for a thyroid problem, a sample of radioactive Nal is injected into a person at 9 00 A.M. on a certain day. The iodide goes almost immediately to the thyroid gland. If the sample has 10,000 cpm when injected, how many cpm will there be at 3 00 P.M. on the same day The half-life of the iodine-128 isotope is 25.08 min. 

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