Three-dimensional vision

For centuries, the sole aim of astronomy was to keep up appearances, to calculate the mere countenance of the sky. This wallpaper astronomy remained 

The distances to more remote galaxies, however, are obtained by measuring the redshift of their emissions. The redder their light, the further away they must be. 

By identifying Cepheid variables in the globular clusters which gravitate around our own Galaxy, Harlow Shapley was able to measure their distance. He thus located their common centre and found it to be a considerable distance from us. It was clear that human beings inhabit the neighbourhood of a nondescript star, very far from the centre of the Milky Way. We are not even at the heart of our own stellar republic A second assault was thus made on human vanity, after the eviction of the Earth from the centre of the Universe. 

Edwin Hubble measured the distance of several Cepheids in the great Andromeda nebula and found that it was situated far beyond the globular clusters in the retinue of the Milky Way. It was then that the milky designation galaxy made its entry into astronomy. The age of extragalactic astronomy had 

The actual distances to the other island universes known today are measured in millions and billions of light-years, whereas human beings only reached out a mere light-second (300 000 km) when they set foot on the Moon. Such a tiny step and we claim to have travelled in space  

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Flaherty, K.M., Zozulya, S., Stryer, L., and McKay, D.B. (1993). Three-dimensional structure of recoverin, a calcium sensor in vision. Cell 75 709—716. 

The ability to see three-dimensional depth in two-dimensional pictures is an interesting phenomenon reported for marijuana intoxication 105. The technique my main informant reported is to look at a color picture through a pinhole held right at the eye, so your field of vision includes only the picture, not any other elements, if you are highly intoxicated with marijuana, the picture may suddenly become a three-dimensional scene instead of a flat, two-dimensional one. 

Barnard K, Martin L and Funt B 2000 Colour by correlation in a three dimensional colour space In Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Computer Vision, Dublin, Ireland (ed. Vernon D), pp. 375-389. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 

B4] Ivins, James P. and John Pomll, A deformable model of the human Ms for measuring small three-dimensional eye movements, Machine Vision and Applications, vol. 11, str. 42-51,1998... 

The most advanced machine vision systems typically involve acquisition and interpretation of three-dimensional information. These systems often require more sophisticated illumination and processing techniques than one- and two-dimensional systems, but their results can be riveting. These scanners can characterize an object s shape three-dimensionally to tolerances of far less than a millimeter. This allows them to do things such as identify three-dimensional object orientation (important for assembly applications), check for subtle surface deformations in high precision machined parts, and generate detailed surface maps used by computer-controlled machining systems to create clones of the scanned object. 

The visual transduction pathway is the best characterized G-protein-coupled signal transduction system. Study of the visual receptor, rhodopsin, over the past several decades has made it the archetype of the growing superfamily of heptahelical G-protein-coupled receptors (reviewed in Litman Mitchell, 1996a). The preeminent position of rhodopsin in this important superfamily will likely increase with the recent publication of the three-dimensional structure of rhodopsin (Palczewski et al., 2000). Many neurotransmitter receptors, as well as the olfactory and taste receptors, are members of this superfamily. Therefore, the effect of lipid membrane composition on various steps in visual signaling will be reviewed in some detail in this chapter. Given the similarity in mode of signaling, the observations made for the vision system should be of general applicability to other members of this receptor superfamily. 

Fischer, D., et al., An efficient automated computer vision based technique for detection of three dimensional structural motifs in proteins. / Biomol Struct Dyn, 1992. 9(4) p. 769-89. 

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