Thermodynamics Throughput

A process engineer s task is often to evaluate the performance of a compressor unit based on gas throughputs and terminal pressures. Since compressor stations are complex machines and operations, the analysis required is sophisticated and goes well beyond simple computations on a personal computer, although some preliminary evaluations can certainly be made. In this section we summarize the working expressions for standard compressor operations. Compressor operations can be categorized under three thermodynamic categories ... 

A thermodynamic equilibrium solubihty assay does not mean a traditional low-throughput assay unchanged in design from decades ago. An accurate thermody-... 

When compounds are selected for preliminary PK studies, the identification of an appropriate dosing vehicle for iv studies requires solubility studies in various vehicles. Also, the study of thermodynamic solubility is useful as this more closely reflects the environment experienced by compounds on oral dosing. Higher throughput thermodynamic solubility assays have been introduced recently [23] so it will be possible to introduce this type of assay earlier in the discovery process. 

Keseru GM, Molnar L (2001) High-throughput prediction of blood-brain partitioning a thermodynamic approach. J Chem Inf Comput Sci 41 120-128. 

Hobbs, S., Patel, R, Coyne, C., and Oldenburg, K., High-throughput, low-volume determination of thermodynamic solubility using sonication and micro parallel liquid chromatography, presented at 9th Annual Conference and Exhibition of the Society for Biomolecular Screening, Portland, OR, September 21-25,2003. 

In general, ELISA tests have been implemented in meso-scale instrumentation based on the microtitre plate format, which has become a standard, very widely spread configuration. The analyses are usually performed with a protocol that enables the thermodynamic equilibrium of the immunoreaction to be reached at each step of the assay. In this manner, the capture efficiency is optimised and the obtained results are often very satisfactory in terms of sensitivity and reproducibility. In order to further increase the performances and throughput of these tests, fully automatic robotised stations have been developed, thereby reducing manipulation errors such as dilution or pipetting imprecision, for instance. 

The polymer or the polymer solution cools down because the vaporization energy required for the vaporization process is taken from the in-fed polymer solution. The required ZSK size depends on the gas quantity to be removed, the gas velocity, the rheological behavior of the polymer melt, and the thermodynamic behavior of the degassed components, the screw speed, and the throughput. Mechanical energy has to be introduced in the processing zone... 

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