Thermodynamics available

Appendix B contains energy of explosion values based on thermodynamic availability. 

D. A. Crowl, Calculating the Energy of Explosion Using Thermodynamic Availability, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries (1992), 5(2) 109-118. 

Four methods are used to estimate the energy of explosion for a pressurized gas Brode s equation, isentropic expansion, isothermal expansion, and thermodynamic availability. Brode s method21 is perhaps the simplest approach. It determines the energy required to raise the pressure of the gas at constant volume from atmospheric pressure to the final gas pressure in the vessel. The resulting expression is... 

The final method uses thermodynamic availability to estimate the energy of explosion. Thermodynamic availability represents the maximum mechanical energy extractable from a material as it comes into equilibrium with the environment. The resulting overpressure from an explosion is a form of mechanical energy. Thus thermodynamic availability predicts a maximum upper bound to the mechanical energy available to produce an overpressure. 

An analysis by Crowl22 using batch thermodynamic availability resulted in the following expression to predict the maximum explosion energy of a gas contained within a vessel ... 

From a thermodynamic perspective, Stillinger and Weber demonstrated that the total entropy of the liquid can similarly be divided into two additive terms, a configurational and a vibrational contribution.5,6 The configurational part Sc measures the number of structurally distinct basins of attraction on the PEL that the configuration point accesses at a given temperature, whereas the vibrational contribution Svib characterizes the number of states associated with intra-basin fluctuations. Thus, the AG relationship, when viewed from the PEL perspective, suggests that it is the thermodynamic availability of basins on the landscape that dominates the rate of liquid-state diffusive processes. 

Tsatsaronis, P. Schuster, H. R6rtgen "Exergy Analysis of the Nuclear Coal Hydrogasification Process , Thermodynamic Availability Symposium, AICHE Annual Meeting, Detroit, Michigan, August 16-19, 1 81. 

This paper presents a thermodynamic availability analysis of an important process design problem, namely, the synthesis of networks of exchangers, heaters and/or coolers to transfer the excess energy from a set of hot streams to streams which require heating (cold streams). Emphasis is placed on the discussion of thermodynamic and economic (i.e., thermoeconomic) aspects of two recent methods for the evolutionary synthesis of energy-optimum and minimum-cost networks. These methods include the... 

The thermoeconomic approach of Pehler and Liu (1 ) is based on both thermodynamic and economic considerations of the network synthesis problem. It consists of four steps. The detailed descriptions of the first two steps can be found from the references cited below. In this paper, some emphasis is placed on the thermodynamic availability analysis of the third and fourth steps which include practical heuristic and evolutionary rules for the systematic synthesis of energy-optimum and... 

Many terms for potential work, such as thermodynamic "availability," "exergy," "exergetic," etc. are used in different senses by different authors, so that it is not possible to tell precisely what is meant by these terms without referring to an author s framework of definition (9,10,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22). 

Evans, R.B. "Thermodynamic Availability as a Resource and a Tool for System Optimization," (1958). University of CA, Dept, of Engineering, Los Angeles, Report No. 59-34, 1960. 

Thermodynamic Availability of Solar Radiation with Special Attention to Atmospheric Rayleigh Scattering... 

Chiogioli, M. H., Industrial Energy Conservation, Chapter 3, "Thermodynamic Availability Analysis," Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York (1979). 

Naimpally, A., "New Thermodynamic Function, Fugergy, to Facilitate Computation of the Thermodynamic Availability Function (Exergy)," Proc. 16th Intersociety Energy Conyers. Eng. Conf., Atlanta, GA, Vol. 1, p. 9, Aug. (1981). 

Edgerton, R. H., "Thermodynamic Availability Analysis Applied to Systems with Solar Energy Inputs," AIChE National Meeting, Detroit, MI, Aug. (1981). 

Evans, R. B., Hendrix, W. A., and Kadaba, P. V., "Thermodynamic Availability Analysis for Complex Thermal Systems Design and Synthesis," AIChE Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, Nov. (1980). 

Thermodynamically available fraction (TAF). Early studies of the influence of non-electrolyte solutes on aqaatic organisms identified two kinds of toxicity - physical toxicity (or narcosis) and chemical toxicity (12). Narcosis 4-s caused by a wide variety of substances (including the atmospheric gases) and seems to arise because essential pathways are physically blocked by an excess of inert molecules that have entered the organisip via an equilibrium distribution across an outer membrane. At equilibrium the activities of the toxic compound are the same in the organic phase and in the aqueous phase. Consequently, the thermodynamic... 

This definition of the thermodynamically available fraction of the element (TAF) is consistent with the thermodynamic scale of narcotic potency but it does not imply a common activity threshold for all elements. The parameter relevant to our model uptake... 

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