Thermochemical Technologies

The technologies and reactor configurations covered in this chapter are primarily used for production of second generation biofuels. In addition, it is possible for these technologies to produce chemicals and products that can be sold and can improve the economic viability of processes. A plant that converts biomass into fuels and chemicals is usually referred to as a biorefinery. 

Biochemical technologies for conversion of biomass are much more common than thermochemical technologies. There has been a great deal of discussion in the literature about whether biochemical or thermochemical technologies would be more appropriate for the conversion of biomass into fuels. Criticism of biochemical methods typically 

In the next sessimi, we will look into the more common reactor configurations for thermochemical conversion of biomass. We will discuss reactirms for fast pyrolysis and gasification. 

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When using a thermochemical technology based on binary mixture (BM) reaction, the increase in reservoir water content is negligible com-... 

As noted above, one prerequisite for successful use of thermochemical technologies is the availability of a reliable system for continuously... 

WebBook National Institute of Standards and Technology thermochem., spectra numeric 22 300 substances online http //ivebboo- ik.nist.gov... 

Lujuefaction. Eigure 21 outlines most of the biomass Hquefaction methods under development. There are essentially three basic types of biomass Hquefaction technologies, ie, fermentation, natural, and thermochemical processes. 

Yarborough, W.A., Thermochemical and Kinetic Considerations in Diamond Growth, Diamond Films and Technology, 1(3) 165-180 (1992)... 

H. Y. Afeefy, J. F. Liebman, and S. E. Stein, Neutral Thermochemical Data. In NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69 June 2005 ed. W. G. Mallard and P. J. Linstrom, Eds. National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, June 2005. 

UK [15] and Japan [16]. Tert-butanol/iso-buntene/IUO was proposed for lower quality waste thermal energy recovery [17] at less than 60 °C as an organic reaction type. This history says that development of new reaction and material technologies creates new possibility of thermochemical energy technologies. 

Alefeld, G., P. Maier-Laxhuber, and M. Rothmeyer, 1981. Thermochemical heat storage and heat transformation with zeolites as adsorbents, In Proceedings of the IEA Conference on New Energy Conservation Technologies and their Commercialization, 6-10 April 1981, Vol. 1,, J.P. Millhone E.H. Willis, Springer Verlag, Berlin,, pp. 796-819. 

When implementing a biomass-based thermochemical conversion system, it is important to critically evaluate the feedstock characteristics such as cost, distribution, mass, and physical and chemical properties. The feedstock qualities must be considered when matching feedstocks with a proper conversion technology. 

Biomass-based processes for the production of hydrogen can be either thermochemical or biological and can produce this clean carrier directly or through an intermediate, storable product. Also, the use of coproducts has to be addressed to improve the process economics and in view of the sustainability of using this natural resource. A recent overview of the status of the different technologies is given in an IEA/NREL review5 and further by Czernik et al.8... 

This review limits itself to the treatment of high-temperature thermochemical biomass conversion technologies. There are very good overviews of biological conversion technologies for hydrogen production, for example, Ni et al.13 and Zaborsky.29... 

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