Thermal cracking processes Cross process

In this paper, in continuation of investigations reported in reference [12] branched thermal crack systems consisting of a combination of curved matrix cracks and Interface cracks, respectively, arising in self-stressed plane models of fibrous composites due to a steady cooling process are studied from the standpoint of fracture mechanics. Figure 1 shows the cross section of a cracked two-phase solid (matrix ARALDITE F, fibers steel) containing three ma-... 

Cross A high-pressure, mixed-phase, thermal process for cracking petroleum, introduced in the United States in 1924 by the Cross brothers, further developed by the MW Kellogg Company, and widely used in the 1920s and 1930s. Eventually, 130 units were built in the United States and abroad. 

PVC, another widely used polymer for wire and cable insulation, crosslinks under irradiation in an inert atmosphere. When irradiated in air, scission predominates.To make cross-linking dominant, multifunctional monomers, such as trifunctional acrylates and methacrylates, must be added. Fluoropolymers, such as copol5miers of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), are widely used in wire and cable insulations. They are relatively easy to process and have excellent chemical and thermal resistance, but tend to creep, crack, and possess low mechanical stress at temperatures near their melting points. Radiation has been found to improve their mechanical properties and crack resistance. Ethylene propylene rubber (EPR) has also been used for wire and cable insulation. When blended with thermoplastic polyefins, such as low density polyethylene (LDPE), its processibility improves significantly. The typical addition of LDPE is 10%. Ethylene propylene copolymers and terpolymers with high PE content can be cross-linked by irradiation. ... 

---