Theoretical yield The maximum amount

Theoretical yield the maximum amount of a given product that can be formed when the limiting reactant is completely consumed. (3.9)... 

Theoretical yield The maximum amount of a specified product that could be obtained from specified amounts of reactants, assuming complete consumption of the limiting reactant according to only one reaction and complete recovery of the product. Compare with Actual yield. 

Tertiary structure (of a protein) the overall shape of a protein, long and narrow or globulai maintained by different types of intramolecular interactions. (21.6) Theoretical yield the maximum amount of a given product that can be formed when the limiting reactant is completely consumed. (3.9)... 

We have enough crusts for four pizzas and enough cheese for five pizzas, but enough tomato sauce for only three pizzas. Consequently, unless we get more ingredients, we can make only three pizzas. The tomato sauce limits how many pizzas we can make. If the pizza recipe were a chemical reaction, the tomato sauce would be the limiting reactant, the reactant that limits the amount of product in a chemical reaction. Notice that the limiting reactant is the reactant that makes the least amount of product. The reactants that do not limit the amount of product—such as the crusts and the cheese in this example—are said to be in excess. If this were a chemical reaction, three pizzas would be the theoretical yield, the maximum amount of product that can be made in a chemical reaction based on the amount of limiting reactant. 

Percent yield is the actual yield (how much was actually formed in the reaction) divided by the theoretical yield (the maximum possible amount of product formed) times 100%. 

The amounts of products calculated in the stoichiometric problems so far represent theoretical yields. The theoretical yield is the maximum amount of product that can be produced from a given amount of reactant. In most chemical reactions, the amount of product obtained from a reaction is less than the theoretical yield. The measured amount of a product that is obtained from a reaction is called the actual yield of that product. 

The theoretical yield is the maximum amount of product that can be obtained. In calculating the theoretical yield, it is assumed that the limiting reactant is 100% converted to product. In the real world, that is unlikely to happen. Some of the limiting reactant may be consumed in competing reactions. Some of the product may be lost in separating it from the reaction mixture. For these and other reasons, the experimental yield is ordinarily less than the theoretical yield. Put another way, the percent yield is expected to be less than 100% ... 

The theoretical yield of a reaction is the maximum quantity (amount, mass, or volume) of product that can be obtained from a given quantity of reactant. The quantities of products calculated from a given mass of reactant in Section L were all theoretical yields. The percentage yield is the fraction of the theoretical yield actually produced, expressed as a percentage ... 

In the problem above, the amount of product calculated based upon the limiting reactant concept is the maximum amount of product that will form from the specified amounts of reactants. This maximum amount of product is the theoretical yield. However, rarely is the amount that is actually formed (the actual yield) the same as the theoretical yield. Normally it is less. There are many reasons for this, but the principal one is that most reactions do not go to completion they establish an equilibrium system (see Chapter 14 for a discussion on chemical equilibrium). For whatever reason, not as much product as expected is formed. We can judge the efficiency of the reaction by calculating the percent yield. The percent yield (% yield) is the actual yield divided by the theoretical yield and the resultant multiplied by 100 in order to generate a percentage ... 

The amount of Pbl2 calculated in part a, 192.71 g, is known as the theoretical yield of the substance. That is the maximum amount that can form based on the stoichiometric relationships between reactants and products. The actual reaction will more than likely produce less than this, for a variety of reasons (which are unimportant to us). 

The theoretical yield of a chemical reaction is the maximum amount of product that can be produced from a given amount of reactant. Theoretical yield is calculated from the balanced chemical equation. 

Every time we carry out a chemical reaction—from fundamental research studies to practical industrial applications—the yield of the reaction is extremely important. Did we obtain all the product we could expect Chapter 2 shows how to calculate the amount of product expected when we start a reaction with particular amounts of the reactants. This calculation assumes that the reaction goes to completion—that is, all of the limiting reagent is consumed. The resulting number, called the theoretical yield, represents the maximum amount of product that could be obtained from that reaction. 

In Examples 10.2 and 10.3, we determined the maximum amount of product that could be formed from the given amounts of reactants. This is the amount of product that could be obtained if 100% of the limiting reactant were converted to product and if this product could be isolated from the other components in the product mixture without any loss. This calculated maximum yield is called the theoretical yield. Often, somewhat less than 100% of the limiting reactant is converted to product, and somewhat less than the total amount of product is isolated from the mixture, so the actual yield of the reaction, the amount of product that one actually obtains, is less than the theoretical yield. The actual yield is sometimes called the experimental yield. The efficiency of a reaction can be evaluated by calculating the percent yield, the ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield expressed as a percentage. 

Theoretical yield The calculated maximum amount of product that can form in a chemical reaction. 

The theoretical yield is the maximum amount of product that could be formed from the given amounts of reactants. This is the amount of product that could be... 

Stoichiometry is the quantitative study of products and reactants in chemical reactions. Stoichiometric calculations are best done by expressing both the known and unknown quantities in terms of moles and then converting to other units if necessary. A limiting reagent is the reactant that is present in the smallest stoichiometric amount. It limits the amount of product that can be formed. The amount of product obtained in a reaction (the actual yield) may be less than the maximum possible amount (the theoretical yield). The ratio of the two is expressed as the percent yield. 

The theoretical yield is the maximum amount of product that can be produced (in an ideal world). In the "real" world it is difficult to produce the amount calculated as the theoretical yield. This is true for a variety of reasons. Some experimental error is unavoidable. Moreover, many reactions simply are not complete some amount of reactant remains at the end of the reaction. We will study these processes, termed equilibrium reactions in Chapter 8. 

The amount of product calculated in this way is called the theoretical yield of that product. It is the amount of product predicted from the amounts of reactants used. For instance, in Example 9.8, 10.6 g of nitrogen represents the theoretical yield. This is the maximum amount of nitrogen that can be produced from the quantities of reactants used. Actually, however, the amount of product predicted (the theoretical yield) is seldom obtained. One reason for this is the presence of side reactions (other reactions that consume one or more of the reactants or products). 

So, from the amounts of reactants given, the maximum amount of CH3OH that can be formed is 6.85 x 10 g. This is the theoretical yield. 

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