The U.S. Geological Survey

Important ore deposits are found in Zaire, Morocco, and Ganada. The U.S. Geological Survey has announced that the bottom of the north central Pacific Ocean may have cobalt-rich deposits at relatively shallow depths in water close to the the Hawaiian Islands and other U.S. Pacific territories. 

Detailed information concerning the location and analysis of limestone deposits in the United States can be obtained from the various state geological surveys, the U.S. Bureau of Mines, and the U.S. Geological Survey. Descriptive summaries of the limestone deposits in the various states have beenpubhshed (5,6). 

Analytical standards imply the existence of a reference material and a recommended test method. Analytical standards other than for fine chemicals and for the NIST series of SRMs have been reviewed (6). Another sphere of activity ia analytical standards is the geochemical reference standards maintained by the U.S. Geological Survey and by analogous groups ia France, Canada, Japan, South Africa, and Germany (7). 

According to statistics collected by the U.S. Geological Survey (3), U.S. production of cmde talc in 1995 was 1,050,000 metric tons. Montana, Texas, Vermont, and New York were the principal producing U.S. states. Worldwide production was estimated to be 5,845,000 t. China, having 2,400,000 t, was the largest producer in the world after China and the United States, Finland, India, Brazil, France, Italy, and Canada are the next principal producers. World production of talc in 1994 is Hsted in Table 1. 

Ref. 2. Derived in collaboration with the U.S. Geological Survey. Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding. ... 

Even rain is not pure water. Reports from the U.S. Geological Survey show that it contains 2.3—4.6 ppm of soflds, or a yearly precipitation of 2.5—5 t/km. Recently (ca 1997), work conducted ia the United States and Europe has underscored the rather dangerous results of iacreased use of fossil fuels, where the SO and NO emissions that end up ia the rain lower its pH from 5.6 (slightly acidic) for uncontaminated rain, to acid rains. Such acid rain has serious effects on surface waters (1). About 40 x 10 t of SO and 25 x 10 t of NO were emitted ia the United States ia 1980. There are, however, encouragiag trends the 1970 Clean Air Act has led to a gradual reduction ia these emissions, bringing the SO emissions down from the previous levels cited by 10% by 1990, and the NO emissions down by 6%, with a consequent slight decrease ia rain acidity. A part of the Clean Air Act is also iatended to cap SO emissions from major poiat sources at 13.5 x 10 t (2). Between 1994 and 1995, total SO emissions ia the U.S. decreased remarkably by 13% and total NO emissions by 8%. 

Fig. 7-12. The curved-crystal spectrometer of Adler and Axelrod, showing a polished ore specimen in position. (1) Microscope stage (2) polished ore sample (3) crystal support block (4) Geiger counter and scatter slits. (Courtesy of Adler and Ayelrod and the U. S. Geological Survey.)...

The use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. 

Methods. As discussed in the previous chapter, a number of approaches have been used to assess the presence of potentially toxic trace elements in water. The approaches used in this assessment include comparative media evaluation, a human health and aquatic life guidelines assessment, a mass balance evaluation, probability plots, and toxicity bioassays. Concentrations of trace elements were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry according to standard methods (21,22) by the Oregon State Department of Environmental Quality and the U.S. Geological Survey. 

In the long run, the choice between wood and steel is usually a matter of taste. Prices are quite comparable. When asked why he had chosen wood benches for the recently built chemistry laboratory of the U.S. Geological Survey facility in Menlo Park, California, the supervisor simply replied, Because I like wood ... 

America s roads more than tripled, General Motors overtook Ford as the world s largest carmaker. And as engineers improved the efficiency of internal combustion engines, the need for more efficient fuel became even more pressing. Adding to the car industry s pressure for a solution to the fuel problem, the U.S. Geological Survey announced—mistakenly—that world petroleum deposits would be depleted in a few years. 

Models of the above have been presented by various researchers of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the academia. The above equation has been solved principally (a) numerically over a temporal and spatial discretized domain, via finite difference or finite element mathematical techniques (e.g., 11) (b) analytically, by seeking exact solutions for simplified environmental conditions (e.g., 12) or (c) probabilistically (e.g., 13). 

Bragg L.J., Oman J.K., Tewalt S.J., Oman C.L., Rega N.H., Washington P.M., Finkelman R.B. The U.S. geological survey coal quality (COALQUAL) database, Version 2.0. U.S. Geol. Survey Open-File Report 97-134,1998. 

Information on surface soils is available from a number of sources, including surface soil maps compiled by the U.S. Geological Survey and the geological surveys of various states. At the present time, the coverage of such maps is not complete, nor has any systematic data on air permeability of soils been compiled. However reports issued by the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture contain information on most soils on a county-by-county basis. While no direct air permeability information is contained in these reports, the data and descriptive material contained there may be useful in estimating air permeabilities. 

From 1984 to the present, Dr. Eisler has been a senior research biologist at the U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, located in Laurel, Maryland. Prior to 1984, he held the following positions, in order bioscience advisor,... 

I also acknowledge the technical assistance provided in early phases of this project by numerous scientists and editors from other U.S. Department of the Interior installations, especially researchers from the U.S. Geological Survey Columbia Environmental Research Center, and by scientists from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, various universities, the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Canadian Wildlife Service, and the U.S. Department of Energy. 

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