The Origins of Regulation

If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants. 

The history of food, dmg, and environmental safety regulation in the United States is one of hard-fought political batdes that took years, and in some cases decades, to resolve. In many cases, singular 

Alan S. Kolok, Modern Poisons. A Brief Introduction to Contemporary Toxicology, DOI 10.5822/ 978-1-61091-609-7 13, 2016 Alan S. Kolok. 

In the United Stares, the path from the relatively unregulated society of 1900 to where we are today was puncmated by key legislation that tightened national food and drug safety. Prior to the end of the Civil War in 1865, whatever regulations existed regarding 

While Wiley, working with President Theodore Roosevelt, 

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There are international transport regulations controlling the transport of sodium percarbonate, which assigned it to Class 5.1, oxidizing substances, however, no such compound has ever been commercialized, and sodium carbonate peroxohydrate is treated as nonhazardous. The origin of this item is not known. 

In contemporary societies replete with various industries and automobiles, NO (NO, N02, and N03) has been recognized to be one of the important factors responsible for air pollution. Only two decades ago, NO was found to be an essential molecule that regulates cellular/molecular functions in mammals. NO is also enzymatically synthesized in nonmammals, invertebrates, and yeasts. Therefore, the origin of NO may date back to the birth of life arising from single cell organisms living around 3-billion years ago. 

In order to encourage and reward the originators of new drugs the regulations contain restrictions to prevent the entry of generic copies onto the market for set time periods. 

The multiple sites that serve as origins for DNA replication in eukaryotes are poorly defined except in a few animal viruses and in yeast. However, it is clear that initiation is regulated both spatially and temporaUy, since clusters of adjacent sites initiate rephcation synchronously. There are suggestions that functional domains of chromatin replicate as intact units, implying that the origins of rephcation are specificaUy located with respect to transcription units. 

There are countless situations where the relative acidity or alkalinity of a substance or system is of critical importance. Agricultural conditions, water quality, food preservation, lung and kidney function—all are circumstances in which quantitative measures of acidity or basicity enable proper maintenance and regulation of vital processes. The term pH is widely used as an expression of acid/base content, but what is the origin of such nomenclature ... 

This paper examines the impact of regulation on pharmaceutical innovation in the United States and the methodological problems involved when one attempts to measure pharmaceutical innovation. Data describing the rate and manner of passage of new chemical entities (NCEs) through the U.S. regulatory system and the national origin of NCEs marketed in the U.S. are presented. 

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