The Nature of Electricity

The particles that constitute atoms are electrons and atomic nuclei. Electrons and atomic nuclei carry electric charges, and these electric charges are in large part responsible for the properties of the particles and for the structure of atoms. We shall accordingly begin this chapter with a discussion of the nature of electricity. 

Experiments showing the attraction of unlike charges of electricity and the repulsion of like charges. 

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An example will show the nature of electrical effects (resonance and field) on reactivity. In the alkaline hydrolysis of aromatic amides (10-11), the rate-determining step is the attack of hydroxide ion at the carbonyl carbon ... 

Proposed an atomic model for matter Proposed that matter is continuous 166i Identified an element as that which cannot be broken down to simpler parts 1752 Investigated the nature of electricity... 

A profound thinker and accurate experimentalist and observer, he was the first to propound correct ideas as In the nature of electrical phenomena, not only in chemistry but in other fields His contributions lo chemistry include the basic laws of electrolysis, electrochemical decomposition (the basis of corrosion of metals) of hattery science, and electrometallurgy. 

In this chapter we take a careful look at the phenomenon of electrical conductivity of materials, particularly electrolytic solutions. In the first section, the nature of electrical conductivity and its relation to the electrolyte composition and temperature is developed. The first section and the second (which deals with the direct-current contact methods for measuring conductance) introduce the basic considerations and techniques of conductance measurement. This introduction to conductance measurements is useful to the scientist, not only for electrolytic conductance, but also for understanding the applications of common resistive indicator devices such as thermistors for temperature, photoconductors for light, and strain gauges for mechanical distortion. The third section of this chapter describes the special techniques that are used to minimize the effects of electrode phenomena on the measurement of electrolytic conductance. In that section you will encounter the most recent solutions to the problems of conductometric measurements, the solutions that have sparked the resurgent interest in analytical conductometry. 

The next four chapters provide an introduction to the concepts and techniques needed to study and understand dispersion stability. Some approaches to the characterization of emulsions, foams and suspensions, and of their dispersed species (droplets, bubbles and particles)are described in Chapter 2. The concepts of surface tension, wettability and surface activity, which are important to the stability and properties of all types of dispersion, are described in Chapter 3. To this is added the nature of electrically charged surfaces in Chapter 4. All of these aspects are brought together in Chapter 5 in an introduction to the stability of dispersions. 

Klein made an intriguing suggestion about the nature of electric charge [88] on the basis of a five-dimensional unified-field theory. 

Much of the attraction of electricity for Lenin had to do with its perfection, its mathematical precision. Man s work and even the work of the steam-driven plow or threshing machine were imperfect the operation of an electric machine, in contrast, seemed certain, precise, and continuous. Electricity was also, it should be added, centralizing. It produced a visible network of transmission lines emanating from a central power station from which the flow of power was generated, distributed, and controlled. The nature of electricity suited Lenin s utopian, centralizing vision perfectly. A map of electric lines from the generating plant would look like the spokes of a centralized transportation hub like Paris (see chapter 1), except that the direction of flow was one way. Transmission lines blanketed the nation with power... 

Electrical Resistance Moisture Meters. The electrical resistance of wood is extremely sensitive to its moisture content, approximately doubling for each 1% decrease in moisture content over the hygroscopic range of moisture contents. The development of a successful resistance moisture meter may be attributed primarily to the pioneering work of Stamm (9) who first measured this relationship quantitatively. Because of the nature of electrical conduction in wood there is also a strong increase in resistivity with a decrease in wood temperature. Figure 1 illustrates how the electrical resistivity of wood varies with both moisture content and temperature. 

Describe the nature of electrical conduction in (a) silicon doped with phosphorus and (b) indium antimonide doped with zinc. 

Faraday, Michael. (1791-1867). A native of England, Faraday did more to advance the science of electrochemistry than any other scientist. A profound thinker and accurate experimentalist and observer, he was the first to propound correct ideas as to the nature of electrical phenomena, not only in chemistry but in other fields. His contributions to chemistry include the basic laws of electrolysis, electrochemical decomposition (the basis of corrosion of metals) of battery science, and electrometallurgy. His work in physics led to the invention of the dynamo. Faraday was in many respects the exemplar of a true scientist, combining meticulous effort and interpretive genius. 

Organic semiconductor layers are generally undoped, so the nature of electric contacts with the electrodes is strongly dependent on aligmnent of the intrinsic energy levels of the organic semiconductor with those of the contact metal. 

In thermodynamics, work has a broader meaning that includes mechanical work (for example, a crane lifting a steel beam), electrical work (a battery supplying electrons to light the bulb of a flashlight), and so on. In this section we will concentrate on mechanical work in Chapter 19 we will discuss the nature of electrical work. 

The path of discovery is often winding and unpredictable. Basic research into the nature of electricity eventually led to the discovery of electrons, negatively charged particles that are part of all atoms. Soon thereafter, other experiments revealed that the atom has a nucleus—a tiny, central core of mass and positive charge. In this section, we examine some key experiments that led to our current model of the atom. 

To explore further the significance of the electrical conductivity results, we need to discuss briefly the nature of electric currents. An electric current can travel along a metal wire because electrons are free to move through the wire the moving electrons carry the current. In ionic substances, the ions carry the current. Therefore, substances that contain ions can conduct an electric current only if the ions can move—the current travels by the movement of the charged ions. In solid NaCl, the ions are tightly held and cannot move. When the solid melts and becomes a liquid, however, the structure is disrupted and the ions can move. As a result, an electric current can travel through the melted salt. 

The nature of electrical conduction in the developed specimen of the mentioned nanocomposites exhibits their distinct character with the manifestation... 

To explore further the significance of the electrical conductivity results, we need to discuss briefly the nature of electric currents. An electric current... 

Educational research has shown that students are often confused about the nature of electric current both in metallic conductors and in electrolytes (assuming, for example, that current always involves drifting electrons, even in solution). Misconceptions have also been detected in identifying the anode and the cathode, its sign and its function in electrolytic cells. Students need to remember that an oxidation half reaction occurs always at the anode and a reduction half reaction occurs always at the cathode. 

Although Schonbein preferred his own tendency theory to the contact theory it was, he said, far from complete and the nature of electricity and its relations to chemical action (Chemismus) would have to be infinitely better known and more deeply investigated than they then were. His paper was never answered by the contactists but simply ignored as Ostwald said, the opposing parties had now talked themselves out and no further progress could be made until the meaning of Joule s experiments was imderstood. 

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