The formation of monomeric hydroxy-aluminium species in water

1 The formation of monomeric hydroxy-aluminium species in water. In this calculation a dia- 

The substitution of the mass action expressions for each species into the MBE for aluminium results in equation (5.42). In this example there is now only one unknown in the equation, Al3+, so the value Al3+ can be calculated for any given value of [Al]x. Once Al3+ has been determined the amounts of the hydroxy complexes can be determined by substitution of Al3+ into the formation equation of the relevant species  

The results of such a calculation can be used to plot a distribution diagram (Fig. 5.2) showing the mole fractions (a ) of each species as a function of pH. The mole fraction of each species as a proportion of the total aluminium will be given by the expressions  

The above example serves as a useful illustration where there is only one unknown. However, most problems will contain more than one unknown and consequently other MBEs will be required. For example, consider the above 

Reactions and mass action - The reactions for the formation of the aluminium-sulfato complexes (Table 5.3) are 

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