The Expanding Universe

To keep the record straight, what is generally known as standard cosmology refers to the model proposed by Einstein and de Sitter (1932). It consists of a Ftiedmann solution with A = 0, A = 0 and zero pressure, without reference to Friedmann or Lemaitre. The space-time is topologically like M and 

The more recent, penultimate model, known as the big-bang theory, is supported by a number of suitably selected and rehned observations, briefly discussed in the following. 

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Albert Einstein is considered the greatest modem physicist because his theories influenced topics in physics ranging from the basis for lasers to the expanding universe. 

The epoch and mode of galaxy formation are not well known, but both quasars and star-forming galaxies are known with redshifts up to about 7, corresponding to an era when the expanding Universe was only 1/8 of its present size, and the emission-line spectra of quasars indicate a large heavy-element abundance (solar or more Hamann Ferland 1999), suggesting prior stellar activity. The first stars, on the other hand, known as Population IIP, would have been devoid of metals whether they differed from normal stars in other basic characteristics, notably their mass distribution, is not known, since no completely metal-free stars have been... 

Mosmann TR, Sad S The expanding universe of T-cell subsets Thl, Th2 and more. Immunol Today 1996 17 142-146. 

De Luca, V. and Laflamme, P. 2001. The expanding universe of akaloid biosynthesis. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 4 225-333. 

Osterbrock DE, Gwinn JA, Brashear RS. Edwin Hubble and the expanding universe. Sci Am 1993 84. 

WIMPZILLAs Our last example of cold dark matter candidates illustrates a fascinating idea for generating matter in the expanding universe the gravitational creation of matter in an accelerated expansion. This mechanism is analogous to the production of Hawking radiation around a black hole, and of Unruh radiation in an accelerated reference frame. 

Gravitational production of particles is an important phenomenon that is worth describing here. Consider a scalar field (particle) X of mass Mx in the expanding universe. Let r/ be the conformal time and a(r/) the time dependence of the expansion scale factor. Assume for simplicity that the universe is flat. 

DE LUCA, V., LAFLAMME, P., The expanding universe of alkaloid biosynthesis., Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 2001,4,225-233. 

In Sir Arthur Eddington The Expanding Universe The Universe and the Atom Section IV (p. 113)... 

Eddington, Arthur Stanley. The Expanding Universe. At the University Press, Cambridge. 1933. 

THE EXPANDING UNIVERSE by Arthur Stanley Eddington. Copyright 1933. Reprinted by permission of the publisher, at the University Press, Cambridge. 

H. Bondi and T. Gold, The Steady-state Theory of the Expanding Universe, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 108, 2S2-27Q (1948) and F. Hoyle, A New Model for the Expanding Universe, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 108, 373-382 (1948). 

If more relativistic particles are present, gef f increases and the universe would expand faster so that, at fixed T, the universe would be younger. Since the synthesis of the elements in the expanding universe involves a competition between reaction rates and the universal expansion rate, gef j will play a key role in determining the BBN-predicted primordial abundances. 

By chance, the material of the expanding universe was unevenly distributed. In the regions of higher concentrations of matter, gravity pulled the particles... 

What is on record is that Einstein was strongly opposed to the Expanding Universe models of the Russian meteorologist Alexander Friedman and of the Belgian Abbe George Lemaitre in the 1920 s... 

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