The empirical content

Non-stoichiometric or complex reactions require a reference sample of known purity (content) whose TGA curve is measured beforehand under the same conditions. The empirical 

Here A m is the measured mass loss step in %, m the sample mass used, and Go is the purity (or content) of the reference sample in %. 

The reference step is needed for the evaluation of the empirical content determination  

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At CSM Materialteknik AB the question has been raised whether the porosity estimation can be simplified further by utilizing attenuation measurements at a single frequency only. Empirical work show that for a given frequency, which is selcted based on the thickness of the inspected object, there is a correlation between the attenuation and the porosity contents. However, there has still not been any documented results proving that single frequency measurements are sufficient for porosity estimation. 

Treatment of natural rubber with chlorine gives a product, chlorinated rubber, with a maximum chlorine content of 65% corresponding to the empirical formula C10H11CI7. Such a compound corresponds neither to a hypothetical simple addition to the double bond (Figure 30.6 (I)) nor to a product with a-methylenic substitution in addition (II). 

The cavity concentration, C, is then calculated as a fraction of the plume content using the following empirical formula ... 

Of the numerous reasons for measuring and controlling the moisture content of dehydrated foods, one of the more important is the effect of moisture content on the stability of the food. The storage life of a food generally increases with decreasing amount of water and it is therefore customary to dehydrate the food to some safe moisture level which is determined empirically. 

The Lux-Flood theory relates to oxide melts. Geologists have often used acid-base concepts for the empirical classification of igneous silicate rocks (Read, 1948). Silica is implicitly assumed to be responsible for acidity, and the silica content of a rock is used as a measure of its acid-base balance ... 

One of the first attempts to use a biological RM was for the analysis of the fat content of milk. This was carried out in London in the late i88o s by a number of analytical chemists who were trying to identify adulterated milk. At that time milk was sold impackaged and at least 20 % of the miUc sold in London was adulterated by dilution with water. This work appears to be the first empirical round-robin approach for characterization of a RM. 

The density tables are organized into 3 main classes of compounds as described in the Table of Contents monoalcohols, diols, and triols. Within each main class (except for the triols) there are several subclasses. They start with fully saturated compounds and proceed with increasing extents of unsaturation. Within each subclass the compounds are arranged in formula order. First with increasing number of carbon atoms in the empirical formula and then with increasing number of hydrogen atoms. Compounds with the same formula are sorted alphabetically by Table Name... 

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