The Drag and Drop Method

THE DRAG-AND-DROP METHOD (FOR EMBEDDED CHARTS ONLY) 

---

Gaussian 94W provides another quick way of running a job. If an input file has already been prepared, then you can use the drag-and-drop method of running it. It involves these steps (in Windows 3.1) ... 

Series or Files To copy or move series of files select the files to be copied or moved in the same way as above one after the other, while pressing and holding down at the same time the CTRL key. Release this key and use the drag and drop method as described above to copy or move the whole series of selected files to the destination directory. Select the two files HDIS.001 und CDIS.001 in the directory D NMRDATA TEST2 and copy them into the directory D. NMRDATA TEST3 as described above. Check the new entries in the TESTS subdirectory. 

With this dual display still on the screen select in the file manager window the ID carbon spectrum D NMRDATA GLUCOSE 1D C GC 001999.1R and use the drag and drop method to move it directly and most conveniently into the 1D WIN-NMR application window. 

Use the WINDOWS file manager to load the 2D H/ C COSY spectrum D NMRDATA GLUCOSE 2D CH GCHCO 001999.RR) using the drag and drop method. 

You can also Copy, Cut or Paste using Excel s "Drag-and-Drop" method. With this method you Cut and Paste a selection by using only the mouse pointer. 

Excel Tip. To use this method. Drag and Drop must be "turned on Choose Options from the Tools menu, choose the Edit tab and check the Allow Cell Drag And Drop box. 

A novel method for the interactive fitting of CW EPR spectra is presented below. This method allows a user to directly manipulate the simulated spectrum in an intuitive manner in order to achieve a fit to the experimental data. Peaks in the simulated spectrum are simply dragged and dropped to align them with the corresponding peaks in the experimental spectrum. As the features in the spectrum itself are manipulated rather than the spin Hamiltonian parameters, a detailed understanding of the relationship between the two is not required by the user. 

AP is the pressure drop, cm of water Pg is the gas density, g/cm Ap is the total projected area of an entire row of baffles in the direction of inlet gas flow, cm" and At is the duct cross-sectional area, cm". The value jd is a drag coefficient for gas flow past inclined flat plates taken from Fig. 14-113, while L/ is the actual gas velocity, cm/s, which is related to the superficial gas velocity by U = L/g/cos 0. It must be noted that the angle of incidence 0 for the second and successive rows of baffles is twice the angle of incidence for the first row. Most of Calverts work was with 30° baffles, but the method correlates well with other data on 45° bafiles. 

Abstract In this chapter the basic physics and methods of calculation of the effective drag forces acting on drops in isolated-drop and multidrop configurations relevant to sprays are provided. The effect of various physical phenomena such as drop deformation, nonuniformity of the incoming flow, drop-drop interactions, drop-gas interactions, and evaporation on the drag coefficient on the drop, with special focus on the underlying physics, is highlighted. 

Apart from the asymptotic analysis such as those by Happer and Moore [9], numerical methods have been commonly used to resolve the flow structures in the interior and outside of a drop. Even for a nondeforming viscous drop, numerical simulations have helped in understanding the effects of the internal circulation of the drop (which is what makes it different from a rigid sphere) on the drag force it experiences. Moreover, simulations help in investigating the effect of the viscosity ratio and the density ratio on the hydrodynamic force experienced by the drop. 

The remainder of the chapter focuses on the actual spray modeling. The exposition is primarily done for the RANS method, but with the indicated modifications, the methodology also applies to LES. The liquid phase is described by means of a probability density function (PDF). The various submodels needed to determine this PDF are derived from drop-drop and drop-gas interactions. These submodels include drop collisions, drop deformation, and drop breakup, as well as drop drag, drop evaporation, and chemical reactions. Also, the interaction between gas phase, liquid phase, turbulence, and chemistry is examined in some detail. Further, a discussion of the boundary conditions is given, in particular, a description of the wall functions used for the simulations of the boundary layers and the heat transfer between the gas and its confining walls. 

The most widely used method for estimating the pressure drop due to friction is that proposed by Lockhart and Martinelli [1949] and subsequently improved by Chisholm [1967]. It is based on a physical model of separated flow in which each phase is considered separately and then the interaction effect is introduced. In this method, the two phase pressure drop due to friction (—ApTp), is expressed in terms of dimensionless drag ratios, defined by the following equations ... 

The discussion so far has related to the drag reduction occurring when a gas is introduced into a shear-thinning fluid initially in streamline flow. A more general method is required for the estimation of the two phase pressure drop for mixtures of gas and non-Newtonian liquids. The well-known Lockhart-Martinelli [1949] method will now be extended to encompass shear-thinning liquids, first by using the modified Lockhart-Martinelli parameter, Xmod (equation 4.8). Figure 4.14 shows a comparison between... 

One of the key steps in this sol-gel granulation process is the formation of the sol droplets. There are basically two ways for droplet formation gravity-force assistant method [63] and shear-force assistant method [64]. In both cases, the orifice of the dropper is immersed in the paraffin oil. In the second case, the shear-force is created by either moving the paraffin oil (orifice is fixed) or moving the orifice in the paraffin oil. When the sol is continuously pushed out through the orifice, the sol in the oil experiences the gravity force or drag-force (in the shear-force assistant method) that acts to separate the drop from the orifice. 

The slope of simulated particle distribution function will be same as for the drops (n=l.ll), so the simulated distribution is calculated by the use of the RRSB function. This method is a simple, but fast simulation of the product diameter. But the accuracy is not very high because of the fact that the slope of the PSD (n = 1.31) is different to the drops and the relative deviation of the drop size X63 3 is 57 %. The difference is not a big problem, because it has to be considered, that the particle size is measured from the cyclone product and the spray is influenced by the measuring tube. The lack of the fine fraction and of the coarse fraction in the dried particle is a reason for the differences, because the fines are not separated by the cyclone and the coarse are separated by drag forces before the cyclone. Finally it has to be mentioned, that the fit with the RRSB function is plausible because it is no phenomenon of the spray measurement technique and the tendency of this simulation means that all the installations in the laser diffraction device have no big influence on the spray. 

---