The Concept of Effective Overpotential Applied for Metal Electrodeposition Under an Imposed Magnetic Field

1 The Concept of Effective Overpotential Applied for Metal Electrodeposition Under an Imposed Magnetic Field 

The concept of effective overpotential is applicable for all cases where there is the change of the hydrodynamic conditions in the near-electrode layer, which can be induced by the agitation of electrolyte not only by evolving hydrogen but also by application of ultrasonic [11] and magnetic [12, 13] fields or simply by vigorous stirring of an electrolyte [14]. 

Similar effects can be observed during electrodeposition in an ultrasonic field [11]. Copper deposits obtained in an ultrasonic field were compact and more ordered structure than copper deposits obtained without an effect of ultrasonic fields. 

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