The Carbon Economy

Unfavorable temperatures, especially when suddenly imposed, have been shown to cause leakage of ions and metabolites from the root to the surrounding medium (188). In addition, sudden changes of temperature cause a lowering of conductivity to water of roots and inhibition of ion transport (188). This can indirectly affect the carbon economy of the whole plant by leading to more negative leaf water potentials, partial stomatal closure, and hence a slowing of net CO2 assimilation. 

Ek, H. (1997). The influence of nitrogen fertilization on the carbon economy of Paxillus involutus in ectomycorrhizal association with Betula pendula. New Phytologist, 135, 133 2. 

We may be looking at the end of the carbon economy and the replacement of internal combustion power with fuel cells. Technology is driving our lives with tiny chips that have many times the computing power of larger 3-year-old computers, yet they cost less to manufacture. 

Because the selection criteria applied in the screening of haploid populations was clearly related to the carbon economy of entire plant, and also because the significant increase in dry matter production and leaf area per plant of selected genotypes on different field assays (7), the aim of this work was to characterize the photosynthesis and dark respiration of these genotypes in order to know the extent of possible physiological modifications which able them to survive in a low CO2 atmosphere and to yield higher plant production in field conditions. 

Scientific American, September 2006, explores the impact of carbon, the evolution of the carbon economy and the need for urgent coordinated response. 

Fuel economy is measured usiag a carbon balance method calculation. The carbon content of the exhaust is calculated by adding up the carbon monoxide (qv), carbon dioxide (qv), and unbumed hydrocarbons (qv) concentrations. Then usiag the percent carbon ia the fuel, a volumetric fuel economy is calculated. If the heating value of the fuel is known, an energy specific fuel economy ia units such as km/MJ can be calculated as well. 

Unlike the gasoline tax that only impacts the transportation sector, carbon taxes affect all sectors of the economy. Implemented by some European countries and proposed in the United States by the Clinton Administration in 1993, the carbon tax makes consumption of fossil fuels more expensive for the energy user. The goals of a carbon tax are to reduce the consumption of energy and to make non-carbon emitting sources like wind and hydroelectric more cost-competitive with fossil fuels. 

J. M. Whipps, Carbon economy. The Rhizosphere. (J. M. Lynch, ed.), Wiley Interscicnce/John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK, 1990, p. 59. 

Selective retro-aldol has also been reported by using aqueous HC1 in THF.243 Recently, catalytic aldol reactions in aqueous media have generated great interest due to the atom-economy related to the reaction. Reaction of 2-alkyl-1,3-diketones with the aqueous formaldehyde using aqueous 6-10 M potassium carbonate as base afforded aldol reaction products, which are cleaved by the base to give vinyl ketones (Eq. 8.96).244... 

The use of coal for electricity generation is responsible for about 32% of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions in the U S. 11 As shown by France, it is possible to displace virtually all the coal used in electricity generation. Thus, France in 1997 obtained about 78% of its electricity from nuclear power and only about 5% from coal. Further reductions in carbon dioxide emissions could be made by the electrification of other sectors of the energy economy, including buildings, and eventually perhaps much of transportation. 

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