Textured oxide

Sediments, like soils, differ in texture, oxidation-reduction level, clay, mineralogy, and organic matter content. 

Bhuiyan, M.S., Paranthaman, M., and Salama, K. (2006) Solution-derived textured oxide thin films a review. Supercond, Sci. TechnoL, 19 (2), R1-R21. 

The synthesis of oxide perovskite type requires a methodology that provides a homogeneous solid, maximizing the specific area. The properties of these systems, such as texture, oxidation state of the cation, stoichiometiy, and structure, depend on the synthesis method. For this reason, the literature has reported a series of preparation methods, and in particular the methodologies known as sol-gel have shown promising results allowing excellent control over the properties of the synthesized perovskites. 

Polymers. Ion implantation of polymers has resulted in substantial increases of electrical conductivity (140), surface hardness (141), and surface texturing (142). A four to five order of magnitude increase in the conductivity of polymers after implantation with 2 MeV Ar ions at dose levels ranging from 10 -10 ions/cm has been observed (140). The hardness of polycarbonate was increased to that of steel (141) when using 1 MeV Ar at dose levels between 10 -10 ions/cm. Conductivity, oxidation, and chemical resistance were also improved. Improvements in the adhesion of metallizations to Kapton and Teflon after implantation with argon has been noted (142). 

Promoters. Many industrial catalysts contain promoters, commonly chemical promoters. A chemical promoter is used in a small amount and influences the surface chemistry. Alkali metals are often used as chemical promoters, for example, in ammonia synthesis catalysts, ethylene oxide catalysts, and Fischer-Tropsch catalysts (55). They may be used in as Httie as parts per million quantities. The mechanisms of their action are usually not well understood. In contrast, seldom-used textural promoters, also called stmctural promoters, are used in massive amounts and affect the physical properties of the catalyst. These are used in ammonia synthesis catalysts. 

The industrial catalysts for ammonia synthesis consist of far more than the catalyticaHy active iron (74). There are textural promoters, alumina and calcium oxide, that minimise sintering of the iron and a chemical promoter, potassium (about 1 wt % of the catalyst), and possibly present as K2O the potassium is beheved to be present on the iron surface and to donate electrons to the iron, increasing its activity for the dissociative adsorption of N2. The primary iron particles are about 30 nm in size, and the surface area is about 15 m /g. These catalysts last for years. 

The electrolytic deposit should be salmon-pink in colour, silky in texture, and adherent. If it is dark, the presence of foreign elements and/or oxidation is indicated. Spongy or coarsely crystalline deposits are likely to yield high results they arise from the use of too high current densities or improper acidity and absence of nitrate ion. 

Textured Tin Oxide Films Produced by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition from Tetramethyltin and Their Usefulness in Producing Light Trapping in Thin-Film Amorphous Silicon Solar Energy Mater., 18 263-281 (1989)... 

A thin film of tin oxide with a rough texture, produced by MOCVD from tetramethyl tin, (CH3)4Sn, deposited on an amorphous silicon cell provides a light-trapping surface, which enhances the efficiency of the device. 

Barometric chemisorption. Chemisorption on catalysts is measured routinely by the barometric method. The equipment is very similar to that commonly used in texture determination by physical adsorption (see Section 3.6.2), except that for chemisorption measurements facilities for pretreatment of the samples should be present. In particular for metal catalysts often the catalyst is received in a partly or fully oxidized form and, as a consequence, reduction is required when one wants to measure the amount of active sites. Moreover, during storage adsorption of various molecules might occur and evacuation is... 

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