Texture mechanical properties

Material factors. The main metallurgical properties of importance are alloy composition, distribution of alloying elements and impurities, microstructure and crystal structure, heat treatment, mechanical working, preferred orientation of grains and grain boundaries (texture), mechanical properties (strength, fracture toughness, etc.).31... 

Strained set of lattice parameters and calculating the stress from the peak shifts, taking into account the angle of the detected sets of planes relative to the surface (see discussion above). If the assumed unstrained lattice parameters are incorrect not all peaks will give the same values. It should be borne in mind that, because of stoichiometry or impurity effects, modified surface films often have unstrained lattice parameters that are different from the same materials in the bulk form. In addition, thin film mechanical properties (Young s modulus and Poisson ratio) can differ from those of bulk materials. Where pronounced texture and stress are present simultaneously analysis can be particularly difficult. 

The phase behavior of polybibenzoates has been investigated mainly by DSC, variable-temperature x-ray diffraction, and optical microscopy. However, only the first two techniques are useful in the case of polymers with the high-molecular weights required for materials with good mechanical properties and, in such cases, revealing textures are not usually observed by optical microscopy. 

The present review shows how the microhardness technique can be used to elucidate the dependence of a variety of local deformational processes upon polymer texture and morphology. Microhardness is a rather elusive quantity, that is really a combination of other mechanical properties. It is most suitably defined in terms of the pyramid indentation test. Hardness is primarily taken as a measure of the irreversible deformation mechanisms which characterize a polymeric material, though it also involves elastic and time dependent effects which depend on microstructural details. In isotropic lamellar polymers a hardness depression from ideal values, due to the finite crystal thickness, occurs. The interlamellar non-crystalline layer introduces an additional weak component which contributes further to a lowering of the hardness value. Annealing effects and chemical etching are shown to produce, on the contrary, a significant hardening of the material. The prevalent mechanisms for plastic deformation are proposed. Anisotropy behaviour for several oriented materials is critically discussed. 

A great deal of effort has been made to investigate the role of xylans in bread making. Reviews on cereal xylans [39,41,118] have shown that the xylan component is primarily responsible for the effects on the mechanical properties of the dough as well as the texture and other end-product quality characteristics of baked products. 

Polyolefin foams are easier to model than polyurethane (PU) foams, since the polymer mechanical properties does not change with foam density. An increase in water content decreases the density of PU foams, but increases the hard block content of the PU, hence increasing its Young s modulus. However, the microstructure of semi-crystalline PE and PP in foams is not spherulitic, as in bulk mouldings. Rodriguez-Perez and co-workers (20) showed that the cell faces in PE foams contain oriented crystals. Consequently, their properties are anisotropic. Mechanical data for PE or PP injection mouldings should not be used for modelling foam properties. Ideally the mechanical properties of the PE/PP in the cell faces should be measured. However, as such data is not available, it is possible to use data for blown PE film, since this is also biaxially stretched, and the texture of the crystalline orientation is known to be similar to that in foam faces. 

A number of other studies have also shown that altering the physical, physicochemical, and mechanical properties of the material [7,26,27,40] can improve various sorbitol characteristics. Improvements in tableting characteristics, compressibility, and texture have been obtained by modifying the morphology and solid properties of the sorbitol powders. 

An edible film should have good water vapor barrier properties (low or no water permeation and diffusion through film), which should not increase or increase very little with increasing relative vapor pressure (Lawton, 1996). Films should withstand mechanical stress and strain to such an extent that they do not break easily under a decent mechanical force (Talja et al, 2008). Thus, composition of starch-based films is an important factor influencing its barrier and mechanical properties. Also, starch-based edible films may have an impact on the sensory and textural characteristics of the food. 

The study of the mechanical properties of a food is important for determining its strength, texture, and deformation characteristics. The geometry, size, and shape of a sample should conform to standards such as those set by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), or should meet assumptions for use in mechanical tests for formula development (Mohsenin,, 1970). 

Rebouillat, S. and Peleg, M. 1988. Selected physical and mechanical properties of commercial apple cultivars. J. Texture Studies. 19 217-230. 

A range of methods are used to test the textural quality of whippable emulsions. These methods are used to quantify the mechanical properties of the various products. 

Raisanen K, Kupiainen K, Tervahattu H (2005) The effect of mineralogy, texture and mechanical properties of anti-skid and asphalt aggregates on urban dust, stages II and III. Bull Eng Geol Environ 64 247-256... 

In the roof tile industry as in the brick industry, research mostly means quality control. This is mainly aimed at textures and finishes, dimensions, mechanical properties (e.g. breaking strength) and physical properties (e.g. water-tight and frost-proof). 

Since sensory and mechanical properties of a food depend on its microstructure, the knowledge of microstructure must precede any operation aimed to the attainment of a specific texture (Ding and Gunasekaran, 1998). The instrumental measurements of mechanical and rheological properties represent the food responses to the forces acting on the food structure and, for this reason, are affected by the way in which these analyses are performed. Furthermore, mechanical and rheological tests are always destructive and make impossible the execution of other analyses. 

Davidge, R.W., The texture of special ceramics with particular reference to mechanical properties , Proc. Brit. Ceram. Soc., 1972(20) 364—78. 

Texture is important in polymer processing because (a) laminar and even chaotic distributive mixing inevitably lead to it, (b) many products are visually examined for lack of texture or for a certain desired texture, and (c) mechanical properties of blends depend on the texture of the mixture. 

Mechanical properties Dynamic mechanical analyzer Texture analyzer Compaction simulator Instron material test system... 

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