Texture measurements yield value

It was shown that thin films of Cu, Co and Ni could be successfully deposited onto Si substrates, without the need of a seed layer. For all three metals, uniform layers with a compact and granular morphology could be obtained. From RBS data the deposition rates as well as the current efficiencies could be determined. For Co films it was shown that addition of boric acid caused the evolution of hydrogen. On the other hand, it was possible to improve the current efficiency of electrolytes containing boric acid by increasing the concentration of cobalt sulfate in the bath. For Ni films electrodeposited from a highly concentrated sulfate electrolyte, it was observed the formation of texture in the (220)-direction. Electric measurements performed on Ni/n-Si structures yielded values for Schottky barriers which are comparable to the ones obtained for junctions fabricated by vapor deposition. 

The compression of uniform samples to the point where the force exceeds the structural capacity causes it to permanently deform and essentially break (4). A typical load-deformation curve can be used to derive values for yield stress, yield strain, and compressive yield work, and depending on the linearity of the onset of compression, a compressive modulus may be obtained (4). These measurements can be used to provide an index of hardness for fats, which have been successfully correlated to the textural attributes of hardness and spreadability obtained through sensory evaluation (4). Unfortunately, these tests are destructive in nature and yield minimal information about the native microstructure of the system. 

The measurements presented here illustrate impressively that it is essential to consider the effect of substrate heterogeneities on passive film growth. Measurements of passive films on macroscopic surfaces can, in principle, not be quantitatively understood in terms of classical models without taking texture effects into account, as macroscopic measurements can yield only averaged values. 

An experimental response (often called dependent variable) is a measurable manifestation that is observed when the studied factors are made to vary. A phenomenon may be described by means of several experimental responses. All sort.s of responses can be considered, such as a yield or purity in chemistry, a weight increase in biology, a gustatory quality in wine science, mechanical properties, or still the texture of a food product determined by sensoiy testing in food science. However, this last type of response, which can take only discrete values, is a source of problems when it comes to the interpretation of the results. It Ls also possible to study a function of a measured response, e.g,. the logarithm of the equilibrium con,stant. The term experimental response is taken in u broad sense, as an experimental response can be the experimental result of an experiment but also the result of a numerical simulation. The studied response is represented by T and the studied response known with an experimental error by y. 

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