Textile printing applications

The ideal thickener for a print paste formulation should meet most if not all of the following requirements  

The latter two requirements often act in opposition. To achieve a good levelling effect, it is important that the paste is able to flow after it has reached the fabric surface, but to achieve a sharp, weU-delined print without flushing, flow after the shear force is removed must be minimal. In practise a compromise is usually required. 

---

See Dyes, application and evaluation for a discussion of exhaust dyeing, textile printing, and the various pad processes. 

They were introduced in the late 1940s for the textile printing of cellulosic fabrics under the trade names Alcian (ICI) and Phthalogen (BAY). Both types resulted in the insolubilisation of copper phthalocyanine or related pigments within the fibre, although the respective application techniques differed considerably. Reactive phthalocyanine dyes in the 1960s superseded these early approaches to the attainment of fast bright blues and turquoises on cellulosic fabrics [63]. 

The main area of application for P.O.44 is in the field of textile printing, although it is less lightfast than P.O.5.1/1 SD prints containing P.O.44 equal step 5-6, as opposed to step 7 for P.O.5 prints 1/3 SD P.O.44 samples equal step 4-5, again as opposed to step 7 and 1/6 SD P.O.44 prints only reach step 3 1 on the Blue Scale, while P.O.5 still scores as high as step 6-7. 

P.R.150 is of limited regional significance. Depending on the area of application and on the reduction ratio, the pigment affords shades from bluish purple to carmine. P.R.150 is used in textile printing. In PVC coloration, which used to be its main market, it has been superseded by other products. 

Incorporated in plasticized PVC, P.B.15, like other phthalocyanine pigments, is usually entirely fast to migration. Moreover, it provides excellent lightfastness. P.B.15 also finds use in various types of PUR foam materials as well as in rubber. Its redder and frequently cleaner shade compared to corresponding stabilized types makes it an equally useful pigment for other media. This applies especially for water-based systems. Textile printing, paper mass coloration, paper surface treatment, and paper pulp are areas of application as suitable for the use of P.B.15 as office articles, including colored pencils, blackboard chalks for schools, and water colors. 

P.B.9 matches the standard cyan for three and four color printing (Sec. 1.8.1.1). The pigment is continually losing significance as it is being displaced by the similarly shaded [3-modification of Copper Phthalocyanine Blue. The latter offers a number of applicational and economical advantages. P.B.9 continues to be used in mass colored paper, textile printing, and in colored pencils. 

The three main application areas for coloured pigments are in printing inks, paints and coatings and in plastics, comprising some 88% of the total. The only other areas of any significant importance are textile printing, pigmented fibres and paper (see Table 2.12). 

In the chemical industry and in research alone more than 1700 trade name products and chemicals are used as solvents (Ash and Ash, 1996). The worldwide solvents market is estimated at over 30 billions pounds per year. Solvents are used in a wide range of industries and applications including metal cleaning and degreasing, dry cleaning operations, automotive and aviation fuel additives, paints, varnishes, lacquers, paint removers, plastics and rubber products, adhesives, textiles, printing inks, pharmaceuticals, and food processing. 

---