Tests, clarifying techniques

In many respects, the Waller et al. study is an exemplary taxometric report. The authors used multiple taxometric techniques and examined the construct validity of the taxon. However, three issues were not clarified in the report. First, only base rate estimates were reported and there was no discussion about shapes of the plots, so it is unclear how many of them were taxonic. Also, only one type of consistency test—cross-method consistency— was reported in the study although the different procedures were consistent with each other, it is difficult to determine the strength of each individual piece of evidence. Second, mini-scales were used for MAXSLOPE but not for the other analyses. The authors indicated that they created mini-scales because individual items are not very reliable. However, it is unclear why this would not also have been beneficial to the MAMBAC and MAXCOV analyses. Third, nuisance correlations and indicator validities were not computed. It is thus unclear how well the data conforms to CCK requirements, and how much we can trust the estimates. Moreover, this information could have been useful in assembling the DES-T. 

Radioimmunoassay techniques may aid in clarifying genetic relationships if sufficient immunological activity is maintained in archaeological bones, In Chapter 22, Herr, Benjamin, and Woodward discuss some new immunological tests that can distinguish between blood and tissue of human... 

Some sophisticated techniques (CMTCE) or isotopic techniques are not available in the emergency department of majority of the centres. However, X-ray, exercise stress test, repeated determination of troponin levels and even an echocardiographic study can be performed in many of them. An exercise stress test should be carried out to clarify diagnostic doubts but only when a proper history and review of previous ECG recordings, if available, have ruled out that the patient is clinically unstable. The few serious problems that may arise during the practice of exercise test in these patients usually occur because these considerations have not been borne in mind (Ellestad, 2004). An example of the usefulness of the exercise stress test in a... 

Fourth and last, but not least, a growing recognition needs to exist that the application of the new complex instrumental techniques can clarify the surface chemistry speculations previously necessary. So frequently our conceptualizations of the real problem are wrong. I personally accept the hypothesis that the first six models when tested in detail will prove wrong. However, as the real model emerges in its complex beauty, the number of paths to optimizations have multiplied and science is no longer dead ended. 

Another chemical treatment that has resurged recently due to improvements made in its formulation is the hydroxymethylated resorcinol (HMR). HMR has been used successfully with several timbers and adhesives, to promote the exterior durability of their bonded joints [65, 71]. Consequently, this technique seems ready for industrial application, at least for the species and adhesives tested. Nevertheless, studies to clarify some aspects of its action mechanism are still needed [20]. 

Proof testing is an often (routinely) used technique to guarantee a component s minimum service life [2, 4, 102, 110]. In order to clarify the basic ideas of proof testing, reference is made again to a uniaxial tensile and homogeneous stress state. 

The relationship between friction force and wear is non-trivial [47]. It has been shown, for example, that a higher friction can lead to less wear in some cases [9,48]. More experiments are thus needed to clarify the effect of protein-mediated boundary lubrication for the known problem of wear. Another limitation of the present study is that the friction test was unidirectional. Multidirectional sliding is known to affect the wear rates [49]. The combination of experimental techniques presented here is thus a first step towards a more complete investigation of the molecular aspects in joint lubrication. In particular, it focuses on the relationship between protein folding, protein adsorption and boundary lubrication, as well as the significance of these effects in bio-tribological studies. 

LPR testing is typically done in accordance with ASTM Standard G 96. Yeske [154] measured the corrosion rates of carbon steels in alkaline sulfide environments using the LPR technique and described the use of the silver/silver sulfide reference electrode. These techniques were develop>ed further by Crowe and Yeske [755] and used with real mill liquors for on-line monitoring of corrosion rates. The corrosion rates were found to be related to liquor composition with a strong flow effect. Crowe [156] also used LPR testing for on-line corrosion monitoring in white liquor clarifiers. Leinonen et al. [757] used the LPR method to monitor corrosion in a batch digester. 

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