Terrestrial waters

Vorosmarty CJ, Sahagian D (2000) Anthropogenic disturbance of the terrestrial water cycle. Bioscience 50 753-765... 

Rainwater is the ultimate source of recharge and resupply of all terrestrial waters. The total dissolved solids (TDS) content of rainwater rarely exceeds 10 parts per million (ppm) but is much higher for groundwater, river water and lake water (Fig. 1). 

The increased solute-loading in terrestrial waters is due to dissolution of minerals in rock, soil and overburden materials as rainwater infiltrates them. Groundwater experiences the largest degree of water-rock interaction and consequently has the highest average... 

Rain Lake Fti jOr GrOuml Water Water Water Water Fig. 1. Typical total dissolved solid (TDS) concentrations (mg/L) in terrestrial waters (from various sources listed in Hamilton et al. 2007). 

The 8180 value of modern seawater (sw) is 0% while the average 5180 value of polar ice caps is —45%. Calculate the 8lsO value of the ice-free ocean obtained upon melting the polar ice caps, i.e., the bulk value of the hydrosphere. Assume that ice caps hold a fraction fct = 2 percent in mass of the terrestrial waters and that other water reservoirs (e.g., ground water) can be neglected. 

Some evaporites form from the evaporation of terrestrial waters. The ions present in these waters are supplied by the chemical weathering of continental rock. Terrestrial waters are more variable in composition than seawater, causing greater variability... 

D/H ratios in carbonaceons chondrites may hint on the origin of water on Earth. Robert (2001) suggested that since the contribntion of cometary water to terrestrial water should be less than 10%, most of the water on Earth should derive from a meteoritic source. 

JOHANNESSON, K. H., LYONS, W. B., STETZENBACH, K. J. Byrne, R. H. 1995. The solubility control of rare earth elements in natural terrestrial waters and the significance of P043- and C032-in limiting dissolved concentrations A review of recent information. Aquatic Geochemistry, 1, 157-173. 

Crowther, J., Fr.B. Lo, M.W. Rawlings, and B. Wright. 1995. Determination of organically bound sulfur in swamp and terrestrial waters by continuous flow oxidation and ion chromatography. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29 849-855. 

The major terrestrial water reservoirs, the oceans, are well mixed and of rather uniform composition. Upon evaporation, an isotopic separation occurs because the light molecules are more readily evaporated. Thus water in clouds is isotopically light compared to ocean water. Upon condensation, heavier water molecules condense more readily, causing a reversed fractionation. The degree of isotopic fractionation depends on the ambient temperature and other factors which are discussed in Chapter 9. 

To elucidate the fascinating story of terrestrial water, which is largely unknown to the public... 

The Cl chondrites have long been cited as the classic example of asteroidal aqueous alteration, because of the presence of ubiquitous sulfate veins (DuFresne and Anders, 1962 Richardson, 1978 Fredriksson and Kerridge, 1988). These veins crosscut the dark, fine-grained matrix and can extend across the entire meteorite sample or stone. These veins have commonly been attributed to the widespread movement of water within the Cl parent body. However, Gounelle and Zolensky (2001) have reappraised the origin of these veins and concluded that they are terrestrial, not asteroidal, in origin. Their preferred interpretation is that the veins formed as a result of the dissolution, local transport, and precipitation of extraterrestrial sulfates by absorbed terrestrial water. Thus, one of the widely accepted lines of evidence to support parent-body alteration should now be treated with caution. 

Lyons W. B. and Mayewski P. A. (1993) The geochemical evolution of terrestrial waters in the Antarctic the role of rock-water interactions. Physical and Biogeochemical Processes in Antarctic Lakes. Antarct. Res. Ser. 59, 135-143. 

Figure 15.1. Cumulative curves showing the frequency distribution of various constituents in terrestrial water. Data are mostly from the United States from various sources. (Adapted from Davies and DeWiest, 1966.)... 

Q.13.2 In 1997, great excitement surrounded the presumed existence of water on one of the moons of Jupiter. This moon was thought to have enough heat generated from its volcanic activity that water would be melted underneath a mantle of ice. What is the likely heat capacity, dielectric constant, and heats of formation and vaporization for this Jovian water when compared to terrestrial water ... 

As well there is water underground, called ground water . In this section, we will consider the biogeochemistry of macroelements in different natural waters with special emphasis on the general features of various biogeochemical cycles i n terrestrial water bodies. 

Terrestrial waters vary in chemical composition these variations can be understood, at least partially, in terms of the different histories of the waters. Appreciation of some of the pertinent reactions by which natural waters acquire their characteristics can be obtained by carrying out some simple imaginary experiments (Figure la). Minerals are mixed with distilled water and exposed to an atmosphere containing C02. Congruent... 

Phototrophic organisms take up and biotransform TNT. It is well established that aquatic vascular plants remove TNT from terrestrial waters. Recent studies show that nonvascular marine macroalgae (seaweeds) remove TNT from seawater. All photo-trophic organisms initially reduce the nitro groups on TNT to form 2-ADNT and 4-ADNT. Some of the ADNTs are secreted back to the surrounding liquid milieu. The biochemical fate of the intracellular ADNTs is unknown, but it seems that conjugation of... 

Forstner, U. (1984) Metal pollution of terrestrial waters. In Changing Metal Cycles and Human Health, ed. J.O. Nriagu, Dahlem-Konferen-zen, pp. 71-94. Berlin Springer-Verlag... 

Terrestrial water receives most of its dissolved solutes from the sod, where rain first reaches the earth s surface and where weathering is strongest The composition of water is less affected when it percolates to greater depths because the water already contains the salts obtained from the soil above. The composition and concentration of dissolved solutes can change at depths if the water contacts subsurface CaCC>3 or if it is stored for long periods in underground basins. In most cases, however, percolating waters retain the character of solute composition initially conferred on them by die surface soil. 

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