Terrace elevation

Yagi is located on the northern coast of the Oshima Peninsula in southeastern Hokkaido. The site is located on a broad terrace that rises steeply 40 m above a narrow coastal strip. It is backed by a series of low, wooded mountains about 100 m in elevation and is circumscribed by two small rivers. Much of the terrain is very rugged. Most of the peninsula is andesitic highland, and its topography and geology are heavily influenced by local volcanic activity. The Oshima peninsula has two active volcanoes, Komagatake and Essan both are within 30 km of the site. 

Figure 11.10 Photographs of outcrops of other cemented beach deposits. (A) Pleistocene coastal deposit on the coast of Cat Cay, western margin of Great Bahama Bank. Note inclined bedding and root structures. (B) Elevated Holocene reef terraces on the southwestern coast of Barbados, West Indies. (C) Indurated dolomite crust on tidal flats. Near western coast of Andros Island, Bahamas.

Since the downwarping of the continental margin did not require uplift inland of the Fall Line, erosion rates on much of the land surface supplying sediment to the continental margin must have remained relatively low. Menard (1961) estimated that 7.8 x 10 km of rock must have been removed from the Appalachians over 125 Myr to account for the sediment now on the continental terrace and rise and on the abyssal plains off the east coast of North America. The mean sediment yield required to produce this material is —0.2 kg/(m yr). (For comparison, this is about the same as the sediment yield of the Missouri River drainage basin today.) Matthews (1975) has used the more extensive data on sediment thicknesses off the Atlantic Coast now available to estimate that the sediment yield of eastern North America over the past 60 Myr was 0.012 kg/(m yr) for the northern half of the coast and 0.067 for the southern half. These sediment yields can be attained with a land surface relief of a few hundred meters under temperate climate conditions and so are consistent with the hypothesis that both the elevation and relief of most of the land surface have remained moderate since the opening of the Atlantic Ocean. 

The same mechanism for the formation of molecular pairs at elevated temperatures (425 K) was proposed for 4-[fran5-2-(pyrid-4-ylvinyl)]benzoic acid (PVBA) adsorbed on Cu(lll) (see Fig. 2a) [94], The Cu adatoms are provided by the continuous evaporation/condensation from the surface atomic steps [193]. The rate of detachment from the kink sites on the terraces on Cu(lll) is lower than on Cu(llO), which is the reason for the requirements of thermal activation for the complex formation in the case of PVBA compared to the benzoate structures mentioned above. By comparison, on the less reactive Ag(llO) substrate no similar compounds evolve however, there is a reshaping of the substrate steps induced by the functional carboxylate group [194]. 

Kawasaki et al. [22] demonstrated that ultraflat gold films can be prepared on mica by sputtering at elevated substrate temperatures. They obtained 1 gm flat terraces, which favorably compare to other evaporated gold films. Nogues and Wanunu [23] developed a facile (5 min) postevaporation annealing procedure that gives similar size terraces. 

The topography characteristic of the landslide is quite manifest. The main scarp can be seen at about the elevation of 615 m. The slope in the middle part of the landslide is gentle at inclination of 238. At the toe of the landslide where the elevation is 505 m, the topography consisted of colluvium deposit is in protuberant shape and in a steep slope because of the erosion of river. Sand and gravel can be observed, which may be considered as terrace sedimentary. The tip elevation of the landslide is 494 m. The biggest length, width and depth of the landslide are 260 m, 150 m and 27 m, respectively. The area and volume of the landslide are 3.9 X 10" m and 52.7 x 10" m respectively. The slip mass consists of colluvium soil, and sliding... 

Zamora and Bao (1972) classified the Peruvian soils into seven edaphic regions. Seasonally dry tropical forests occur in four of them. 1) Seasonally dry tropical forests in northern Peru develop on soils of the Yermosolic region, which are soils of the dry coastal lowlands up to 1000 masl. The region includes wide sedimentary plains, low hills, elevated marine terraces and many east-west... 

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