Terpene, terpenoid

Other classes of organic materials, such as alkaloids, pigments, resins, sterols, terpenes, terpenoids, and waxes, and many simple organic compounds are often present in various biomass species, but are not discussed here because they are usually present in very small amounts. The peptides present in herbaceous biomass are also not discussed here because, although the nitrogen and sulfur contents of the biomass should be assessed for certain microbiological processes, the amino acids that make up the proteins are generally not important factors in conversion processes. 

Hydrocarbon-rich monomers including vegetable oils, fatty acids, terpenes, terpenoids and resin acids... 

Terpenes, terpenoids, and rosin have been widely used as renewable chemicals, however, for a long time they have ignored as biomass for the S5mthesis of green polymers. This arose largely due to the difficulty to precisely control the molecular structures (1). 

However, there seems to be a change in judging the situation and due to the development of new techniques, such as highly efficient post-polymerization modification techniques such as dick chemistry. The recent state in the field of terpenes, terpenoids, and rosin has been reviewed. These t5q>es of biomass are of low cost, and have much potential for their utilization as organic feedstocks for green plastics. 

Activation tagging Agrobacterium rhizogenes Elicitation Hairy roots Metabolic engineering Pharmacological properties Ri-plants Ri-T-DNA Secondary metabolite production Terpenes Terpenoids... 

Table 95.1 Different terpene/terpenoid classes synthesized via the Ac Mevalonate/MEV pathway -I- (in the cytosol) and via the MEP or DXP pathway ° (in the plastid) in some plant species that are known for their therapeutic properties...

In the last decades, numerous biotechnological investigations have made possible the establishment of hairy root cultures from the plant species, previously described, in order to produce terpene/terpenoids of pharmaceutically great interest. 

Biosynthetically, majority of terpenoids are formed via the mevalonic acid, but they may also be formed through methyl-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. The C5 isoprene unit which can be linked together head to tail to form linear chains or cyclized to form rings is considered the building blocks of terpenes. Rather the C5 units exist as isopentenyl pyrophosphate or its isomer dimethylallyl pyrophosphate by enzymatic conversion and phosphorylation from mevalonic acid. The IPP may be considered as the precursor of hemiterpenes. In the biosynthesis of mono- and higher terpenes/terpenoids, the starting molecule is DMAPP, which... 

Wilbon PA, Chu F, Tang C (2013) Progress in renewable polymers from natural terpenes, terpenoids, and rosin. Macromol Rapid Commun 8 34A37. doi 10.1002/marc.20l2005l3... 

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