Copolymer ternary

It may be noted here that it is frequently possible to polymerise two monomers together so that residues from both monomers occur together in the same polymer chain. In addition polymerisation this normally occurs in a somewhat random fashion and the product is known as a binary copolymer. It is possible to copolymerise more than two monomers together and in the case of three monomers the product is referred to as a ternary copolymer or terpolymer. The term homopolymer is sometimes used to refer to a polymer made from a single monomer. 

In consequence ethylene-propylene rubbers were introduced with a small amount (3-8%) of a third, diene, monomer which provided a cross-link site for accelerated sulphur vulcanisation. Such ethylene-propylene-diene monomer ternary copolymers are designated as EPDM rubbers. 

The influence of selectivity in the initiation, termination or chain transfer steps on the distribution of monomer units within the copolymer chain is usually neglected. Galbraith et a .u provided the first detailed analysis of these factors. They applied Monte Carlo simulation to examine the influence of the initiation and termination steps on the compositional heterogeneity and molecular weight distribution of binary and ternary copolymers. Spurting et a/.250 extended this... 

Table 2. Values for Xylene-free Binary and Ternary Copolymers...

Shuai X, Merdan T, Unger F et al (2003) Novel biodegradable ternary copolymers hy-PEI-g-PCL-b-PEG synthesis, characterization, and potential as efficient nonviral gene delivery vectors. Macromolecules 36 5751-5759... 

The ternary copolymen zation of a monomer mixture containing 31.24, 31.12, and 37.64 mol% of styrene, methyl methacrylate and vinylidene chloride at 60°C for 16 h yielded at 18.2 wt% conversion a polymeric product which analyzed C 68.66% and Cl 12.07% (by wt) [C. Walling and E. R. Briggs, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 67, 1774 (1945)]. Calculate the initial ternary copolymer composition to compare with the composition obtained by the analysis. Use monomer reactivity ratio data from Table 7.1. 

Figure 6.4 The structure of ternary copolymer ACN-styrene-maleic anhydride macromer, a NAD generated in situ by radical copolymerisation...

Shuai, Xintao Merdan, Thomas Unger, Elorian Wittmar, Matthias Kissel, Thomas. Novel Biodegradable Ternary Copolymers hy-PEI-g-PCL-b-PEG Synthesis, Characterization, and Potential as Efficient Nonviral Gene Delivery Vectors, Macromolecules, (2003), 36(15), 5751-5759. 

More homogeneous copolymer cpmpositions are obtained with soluble Zieg-ler-Natta catalysts, especially where monomer compositions are maintained relatively constant during polymerization. Commercially important ethylene-propylene binary copolymers (EPM rubbers) and ethylene-propylene-diene ternary copolymers (EPDM rubbers) are made by this process. 

Elastomeric ionomers have also been developed from ethylene-propylene-diene ternary copolymers known as EPDM rubbers. The diene is commonly ethylidene norbomene. Du Pont made carboxylated ionomers by free-radical grafting of maleic anhydride (0.5—5%) onto the diene moiety of the polymer and neutralized the product with rosin salt. The ethylidene norbomene can also be sulfonated, thus ... 

In this section some of the methods used to analyse for the chemical composition (CQ and chemical composition distribution (CCD) of binary and ternary copolymers (henceforth termed copolymers and terpolymers respectively) are discussed. Some practical examples from the literature are given to illustrate the methods. Further, the determination of the chemical composition of copolymers as function of their molar mass as well as the three-dimensicxial combination of the MMD and CCD, namely MMCCD, are treated. Examples of both emulsion polymers and polymers produced by solution and bulk polymerization are given, because with respect to the determination of molar mass and chemical composition emulsion (co)polymers do not require an essentially different approach. 

The experimental study of the hydrolysis of the ternary copolymer of acrylamide with small amounts of reactive monomers I or II and catdytically active III tiiowed that there is an intramcdecidar catalytis in such a reactk>n, but that the rate constant decreases with the decrease in the thermodynamic qiuility of the solvent. ... 

New types of metal-containing polymers can be effectively produced 1 construction of polymer supports in the form of gels which, in use, are capable of swelling, insoluble in the reaction medium, but permeable to the molecules, substrate and solvent (23-25). they are based on ethylene-prcpylene rubbers and also ternary copolymers of ethylene, propylene and nonconjugated diene, siloxane rubbers with the radically grafted vinylpyridine, acrylic acid (AAc), methylmethacrylate (MMA), etc. Fu2 her cross-linking of the rubber base allows the syntheses of three-dimensional networks to avoid the dispersion of these particles in the reaction media. MX is bound within these networks. Such polymers were termed mosaic their structure is shown in Fig. 2. It is evident... 

Cqpolymerization of MCM with traditional monomers is the main technique of metal insertion into a polymer chain, and it is more widely used than their homopolymerization. However, ocpolymerization laws in such systems are difficult to analyze because of their raultiparameter dependence of the kinetics and copolymerization characteristics on the process, parameters such as pH, solvent nature and even concentration ratio (30). The metal-containing giroup in MCM is, as a rule, an electron-donor substituent (scheme Q-e). The copolymerization yields complexes of different comonomers, effecting the polymer composition and structure. In our view, the most remarkable one is cqpolymerization of transition metal diacrylates with MMA, styrene, etc. (37), as well as vinylpyridine and vinylimidazole MX complexes and formation of ternary copolymers of the following composition (38) ... 

In addition to preparing copolymers with blue chromophores and charge transporting segments, we have also prepared a ternary copolymer 36 as shown in Scheme 10. The ternary copolymer is highly fluorescent in the blue region (PL peak... 

The effects of supramolecular structure and morphology on electroluminescence of polymers have been investigated by means of novel ternary and binary rod-coil copolymers. Rod-coil-rod ternary copolymers with two differing rod components were shown to exhibit Forster-type excited state energy transfer, resulting in... 

Li, Wei., Cai Ming-Zhong, Song Cai-Sheng. (2002). Synthesis of Ternary Copolymers from 4,4-Bisphenoxybisphenylsulfone, 4,4 -Bisphenoxybenzophenone and Terephthaloylchloride. Chin. J. Appl. Chem, 19(7), 653-656. 

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