Voltage terminal

Secondary terminal voltage for bar primary e, = 62 f i - Primary circuit resistance... 

At low p.f.s the generator operates at a low level of excitations (armature reaction demagnetizing). During a fault, therefore, when the p.f. of the circuit falls it will also cause a fall in the excitation level and in turn in the terminal voltage. A low voltage, however, would reduce the severity of the fault. 

With the change in excitation, only the reactive power, kVAr and the terminal voltages [ and 2 altered can be without altering the active components of the load currents or the power shared by the two machines. As diseussed in Section 16.3.2, a generator is designed for a particular p.f. (0.8 lagging), having a defined value of kVAr. A... 

To check the terminal voltage and frequency Figure 16.28 suggests a simple method to measure the terminal voltage and the frequency / of the incoming machine ... 

For a fast changeover, a terminal voltage of more than 75 V is permissible, which in the above case after 10 seconds will not exceed... 

Resistor i 2 can now be determined by adding the other maximum voltage drops of the TED of the optoisolator and the terminal voltage of the TT431 ... 

The conduction loss ( 2) is measured as the product of the switch terminal voltage and current waveforms. These waveforms are typically quite linear and the power loss during this period is given in Equation 4.1. 

Quasi-resonant converters utilize an T-C tank circuit, which rings at its natural resonance frequency in response to a step change in its terminal voltage or current. The tank circuit is placed between the power switch and the transformer and/or the transformer and the output filter. 

A typical excitation system includes a voltage regulator, or exciter, protection circuits, and measurements transducers. If the terminal voltage decreases below rated value, the conU ol system increases the rotor cuiTent and thus the magnetic field as shown in Faraday s law, the generated voltage is thus forced up to the desired value. 

Synchronous generator type is in use for all generating applications up to the highest ratings (660 MW and above). The machine is operated at synchronous speed and the terminal voltage and power factors of operation are controlled by the excitation. 

For the Daniell element in Fig. 3, a potential difference A is obtained by calculation from the values in Fig. 5 according to Eq. (11) under equilibrum conditions the potential difference corresponds to the terminal voltage of the cell. 

During charging and discharging of the cell, the terminal voltage U is measured between the poles. It should also be possible to calculate directly the thermodynamic terminal voltage from the thermodynamic data of the cell reaction. This value often differs slightly from the terminal voltage measured between the poles of the cell because of an inhibited equilibrium state or side reactions. 

The discharge curve (Fig. 8) is another important feature of battery systems therefore the terminal voltage is plotted against the discharge capacity. For an ideal battery the terminal voltage drops to zero in a single step when the stored energy is completely consumed. 

An important experimentally available feature is the current-voltage characteristic, from which the terminal voltage ([/v ) supplied by the electrochemical cell at the corresponding discharge current may be determined. The product of current / and the accompanying terminal voltage is the electric power P delivered by the battery system at a given time. 

U churge average terminal voltage during charge 1.1... 

Figure 2. The effect of current passage on terminal voltage starting with new carbon. (Reprinted from G. L. Bauer and W. V. Childs, J. Electrochem. Soc. 142, 2286-2290, 1994. Reproduced with permission of The Electrochemical Society, Inc.)...

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