Terbium spectra

Until very recently, studies of the use of luminescent lanthanide complexes as biological probes concentrated on the use of terbium and europium complexes. These have emission lines in the visible region of the spectrum, and have long-lived (millisecond timescale) metal-centered emission. The first examples to be studied in detail were complexes of the Lehn cryptand (complexes (20) and (26) in Figure 7),48,50,88 whose luminescence properties have also been applied to bioassay (vide infra). In this case, the europium and terbium ions both have two water molecules... 

Different lanthanide metals also produce different emission spectrums and different intensities of luminescence at their emission maximums. Therefore, the relative sensitivity of time-resolved fluorescence also is dependent on the particular lanthanide element complexed in the chelate. The most popular metals along with the order of brightness for lanthanide chelate fluorescence are europium(III) > terbium(III) > samarium(III) > dysprosium(III). For instance, Huhtinen et al. (2005) found that lanthanide chelate nanoparticles used in the detection of human prostate antigen produced relative signals for detection using europium, terbium, samarium, and dysprosium of approximately 1.0 0.67 0.16 0.01, respectively. The emission... 

Shown in Figure 5 is the emission spectrum for LaOBr.002Tb (23). At these terbium concentrations, the principal emissions occur at 380, 415 and 440 nm which can be used with blue sensitive films. This phosphor is being used in Agfa-Gevaert Co. 

Studies of the excitation spectrum of the gadolinium-terbium system... 

The excitation spectra of Nao.5Gdo.5WO4 singly and doubly doped with terbium and europium is shown in Fig. 42. One notes the appearance of terbium lines in the europium excitation spectrum in the doubly doped compound. The fact that there is essentially no terbium emission in this sample is also quite evident. 

Figure 136 EL spectra of various organic LEDs employing lanthanide complexes as emitters, (a) ITO/TAD (triphenyldiamine derivative)/Eu(TTA)3(phen)(phen l,10-phenanthroline + 4,7-diphenyl-l,10-phenanthroline)/Alq3/MgAg (according to Ref. 425) (b) ITO/Eu (TTA)3 PBD/PBD/LiF/Mg, at the different voltages (after Ref. 539) (c) ITO/TPD/Tb (acac)3/Al, transitions of 4f electrons of the terbium Tb3+ ion are indicated on the sharp peak positions of this spectrum (after Ref. 19).

Four rare-earth elements (yttrium, ytterbium, erbium, and terbium) have been named in honor of this village. A year later, the Swedish chemist Lars Fredrik Nilson (1840-1899), discovered another element in "erbia" and he named it scandium (Sc) in honor of Scandinavia. At the same time, Nilson s compatriot, the geologist and chemist Per Theodor Cleve (1840-1905) succeeded in resolving the "erbia" earths yet another step further, when he separated it into three components erbium, "holmium" (Flo) and thulium (Tm). The name "holmium" refers to Stockholm (Qeve s native city) and had been independently discovered by the Swiss chemists Marc Dela-fontame (1838-1911) and Jacques-Louis Soret (1827-1890), who had coined the metal element X on the basis of its absorption spectrum. 

Figure 11.16 The PL spectrum of a terbium complex Tb(eb-PMP)3(TPPO) [55]. (Reprinted with permission from H. Xin et ah, Efficient electroluminescence from a new terbium complex, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 125, 7166-7167, 2003. 2003 American Chemical Society.)...

The excitation spectra of europium and terbium (III) clathrochelates contain a strong dominant band at 27 000 cm-h The CTB at 23 809 cm-i (4.2 K) is mirror-symmetric to the luminescence band. The red emission is detected for the exited europium(III) clathrochelate. The emission spectrum of this complex (Fig. 70) also contains a set of lines corresponding to the °Do —> transitions,... 

Terbium clathrochelate showed green emission of very high intensity. The emission spectrum contains the D4 —> Fj transition bands of the encapsulated terbium ion. The same but less intense emission spectrum was observed at higher temperatures. The luminescence quantum yield is close to 1 at 4.4 K and is approximately 0.05 at room temperature [390]. The decrease in intensity of the terbium(III) ion luminescence starts at 100 K (higher than that of free macrobicyclic tris-bipyridine ligand and lower than that of the corresponding europium(III) compound, Fig. 69). It may be... 

As was earlier reported, flexible properties of sol-gel technology may be used for modification of PLE spectra of the incorporated lanthanides. In particular, appearance of the strong band at PLE spectrum at 360 nm for the emission wavelength 1.54 pm was observed for the erbium-doped monolith xerogel silica-titania or titania/opal structure [3,4], However, in ftie case of excitation terbium in composite YAG/titania xerogel/opal the obtained PLE... 

Figure 11.10 Fluorescence spectra. Above, emission-excitation matrix as a topographic representation in pseudo-3D of a mixture of two salts of uranium and terbium by varying the wavelength of excitation. This type of recording leads to the optimum conditions of measurement for such a mixture. Below, emission-excitation spectra. (A) Emission spectrum of fluorescence obtained by maintaining the wavelength of excitation at 285 nm. (B) Excitation spectrum obtained by maintaining the emission monochromator at 347 nm during the recording.

Am. Oiem. Soc- 36, 2060 (1914) by ion exchange Speddtng et al, ibid. 76, 2557 (1954). Prepn of metal by electrodeposition eidem, J. Electrochem. Soc. 100,442 (1953). Absorption spectrum Urbain, foe, cit. Reviews of prepn, proparties and compds of terbium and other lanthanides The Rare... 

Electroluminescence on oxide-covered metal electrodes is a method which can be used for the determination of both inorganic and organic compounds. The highest sensitivity is obtained with thallium(I) and terbium(III) which can be determined on an aluminium electrode at less than 0.01 ppb level in aqueous solution. Also copper(II) comes close to that level. It is interesting to note that metal ions like Cu ", Hg and Pb " " which are not inherently fluorescent give an intense EL spectrum. 

The absorption spectrum of the acceptor is shown in the bottom panel of Figure 15.19. A favorable aspect of retinal is that it can be photobkached. thus decreasing the acceptor concentration in the disk membranes. Rrior to pho-tobleaching, the absorption spectrum of retirtal overlaps with that of the Tb donor. The emission spectrum of terbium is typical of the lanthanides. The emission is from /orbitals of the atom, and the emission spectra are typically highly structured line spectra. Also, it is cormnon to use lanthanide chelates, rather than lanthanides alone. This is because the lanthanides are extremely weak absorbers, with extinction coefricients near 0.1 cm. Fortu-... 

FIGURE 27 ADXD spectrum of terbium showing the hR2A phase at 40.2 GPa (Cunningham et al., 2007). 

EDXD spectrum, 294/ equation of state, 296f phase transitim, 287 289 post-4fcc phase, 295/ terbium... 

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