Probes biological

The use of fluorescent dyes in biological probes and sensors is covered in some detail in Chapter 3 (section 3.5.6). Because there are marked solvatochromic effects on the luminescent spectra of many fluorophores, this phenomenon is utilised to tune their performance and application in biological and other systems. 

Examples of its use include protein and nucleic acid detection, enzyme-labelled fluorescence, in the intrinsic fluorescence of normal and cancer cells, as external 

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R. J. Suhadolnik, Nucleosides as Biological Probes,John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1979. 

The title compound is a key C6 building block. Several labs have prepared novel a-amino acids, biological probes and other interesting compounds using the D-diepoxide as a key intermediate.3 An efficient route to the L-enantiomer provides a pathway to compounds with the opposite configuration, one not readily available from commercial sources, and a valuable probe of stereochemistry in biological systems and reaction mechanism. 

Until very recently, studies of the use of luminescent lanthanide complexes as biological probes concentrated on the use of terbium and europium complexes. These have emission lines in the visible region of the spectrum, and have long-lived (millisecond timescale) metal-centered emission. The first examples to be studied in detail were complexes of the Lehn cryptand (complexes (20) and (26) in Figure 7),48,50,88 whose luminescence properties have also been applied to bioassay (vide infra). In this case, the europium and terbium ions both have two water molecules... 

Miskoski, S, Giordano, L, Etchehon, M. H., Menendez, G., Lidke, K. A., Hagen, G. M., Jovin, T. M. and Jares-Erijman, E. A. (2006). Spectroscopic modulation of multifunctionalized quantum dots for use as biological probes and effectors. Proc SPIE 6096, 60960X60961 60967. 

Ferraccioli, G. and Gremese, E., Thrombogenicity of TNFa in rheumatoid arthritis defined through biological probes TNFa blockers, Autoimm. Rev., 3, 261, 2004. 

Figure 5.7, (a) Widely used biological probes of the TICT type. 4, s4 s7> (b) TICT compounds with dual fluorescence and interesting properties amenable to tailor-making of fluorescence probes. Functionalization and inclusion in larger molecular assemblies is easily possible, e.g., at the positions indicated by R. This holds especially for esters and amides which have been used as probes in large polymers 97-1011 or in TICT-labeled cyclodextrins.(l49)... 

Jena BP, Horber HJK (2002) Biological probe microscopy in aqueous fluids. Atomic... 

Hemicyanines are polymethines with an ammonium salt at one end of the chain. Typically these can be pyridinium (3.30), indolenium (3.31a, X = C(CHj)2) and ben-zothiazolium (3.31b, X = S) derivatives. The pyridinium derivatives fluoresce in the long wavelength red region, whilst the others are in the near-infrared, which is a very useful property for certain laser dye outlets and in fluorescent imaging in medical diagnosis and biological probes. 

The longer half-life of F (109.6 min) compared to 0(20.4 min) is one of the advantages of this isotope in the design and synthesis of PET agents (see Chapter 1, this volume). Therefore, there has been much interest in the development of irreversible MAO inhibitors labeled with F as biological probes to map MAO activity. 

Ito Y (1990) Chemical Reactions Induced and Probed by Positive Muons. 157 93-128 Itzstein von M, Thomson RS (1997) The Synthesis of Novel Sialic Acids as Biological Probes. 185 119-170... 

The Synthesis of Novel Sialic Acids as Biological Probes... 

DW Robertson, MI Steinberg. Potassium channel openers new biological probes. Annu Rep Med Chem 24 91-100, 1989. 

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