Teratogenicity placental transfer

Villeneuve DC, Khera KS, Trivett G, et al. 1978. Teratogenicity and placental transfer of photomirex in the rabbit. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 45(1) 332. 

It has been reported that embryotoxic or teratogenic effects of some compounds were detected in the New Zealand White rabbit, whereas there was no suspicion of such effects in the rat (2, 3). The origin of these differences between species has remained unelucidated in many cases. However, metabolism, systemic maternal exposure, maternal toxicity, fetal exposure, or placental transfer often explains the discrepancies. 

In Chapter 2 the significance of the placental transfer of drugs from the maternal circulation into the fetus was discussed. At that time, the prototypic teratogen thalidomide was discussed along with several contemporary drugs such as alcohol and cocaine. By the time that thalidomide was finally removed from the market and the medicine cabinets, it had caused severe deformities in approximately 10,000 children in 46 countries. 

Matsumoto N, Iijima S, Katsunuma H. 1976. Placental transfer of chromic chloride and its teratogenic potential in embryonic mice. J Toxicol Sci 2(2) 1-13. 

All-frawi -RAG was investigated (in mice) for its teratogenicity because of its lower placental transfer compared to free RA [190]. Surprisingly, it was found to be a more potent teratogen than RA itself because intravenous or subcutaneous application of RAG was followed by its fast hydrolysis causing high levels of RA. Pharmacokinetic studies nevertheless confirmed lower transplacental transfer of RAG compared to RA [190]. 

F. Use in pregnancy. FDA category C (indeterminate). Although deferoxamine is a teratogen in animals, it has relatively poor placental transfer, and there is no evidence that short-tenn treatment is harmful in human pregnancy (see p 405). More importantly, failure to treat a serious acute iron intoxication may result in maternal and fetal morbidity or death. 

Creech-Kraft J, Lofberg B, Chahoud I, Bochert G, Nau H (1989) Teratogenicity and placental transfer of all-trans-, 13-ds-, 4-oxo-all-trans-, and 4-oxo-13-d5 -retinoic acid after administration of a low oral dose during organogenesis in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 100 162-176. 

McClain, R. M. and Becker, B. A. (1972). Effects of organolead compounds on rat embryonic and fetal development Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 21, 265 McClain, R. M. and Becker, B. A. (1975). Teratogenicity, fetal toxicity and placental transfer of lead nitrate in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 31, 72 McConnell, P. and Berry, M. (1978). The effects of undernutrition on Purkinje cell dendritic growth in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol., Yll 159 McConnell, P. and Berry, M. (1979). The effects of postnatal lead exposure on Purkinje cell dendritic development in the rat. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol., 5, 115... 

McClain, R.M., Becker, B.A., 1975. Teratogenicity, fetal toxicity, and placental transfer of lead nitrate in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 31, 72—82. 

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