Temporal resolution power

In analogy to the spatial resolution a temporal resolution power Rt can be defined ... 

For the investigation of polymer systems under spatial confinement, fluorescence microscopy is a powerful method providing valuable information with high sensitivity. A fluorescence microscopy technique with nanometric spatial resolution and nanosecond temporal resolution has been developed, and was used to study the structure and dynamics of polymer chains under spatial confinement a polymer chain in an ultra-thin film and a chain grafted on a solid substrate. Studies on the conformation of the single polymer chain in a thin film and the local segmental motion of the graft polymer chain are described herein. 

Some of the insights that these techniques have brought to the field of chromatin research are described in this chapter. In some cases, microscopy has served simply to confirm conclusions obtained from less direct, but powerful biochemical approaches. In other cases, however, studies with imaging techniques are described where the information could only be obtained by microscopy, because of the spatial or temporal resolution that the microscope can provide. 

The independence from a power supply makes PASs popular options for measurements of POCs in the remote alpine atmosphere, but they also limit the temporal resolution that can be achieved. Trying to combine the advantages of both PAS and active samplers, a flow-through sampler (FTS) was recently designed, which requires no external power source, but can sample large volumes of air in fairly short periods of time [18, 19] by rotating into the wind and have it blow through a series of PUF disks. The volume of air sampled can be estimated from wind speed records. The FTS will trap particles, but they cannot be analyzed separately from the gas phase POCs. 

To begin with, we must specify the spectral window we are referring to and then use the appropriate detector telescope, radiotelescope or space-borne observatory. The next characteristic is the accuracy of the energy, frequency or wavelength measurement, followed by the accuracy of the angular measurement (resolving power), and the temporal resolution and sensitivity of the measurement. Finally, we note the direction, date and duration of the observation for each particular celestial object we choose to investigate. 

As mentioned before, the 1DV lake model, although still relatively simple compared to the three-dimensional nature of real transport and reaction processes, predicts concentrations and inventories which in most cases are not matched by available field data in terms of chemical, spatial, and temporal resolution. In fact, in a time when powerful computers are ubiquitously available, it is not unusual to find publications in which highly sophisticated model outputs are compared to poor data sets for which much simpler models would have been adequate. However, this is not an... 

Another issue that needs to be addressed is the accurate calculations of the transients of stack operations under variable loading due to changes in power utilization demand and/or under start-up and shut-down conditions. Tracking fast transients, especially during the start-up process, requires at least second order accurate temporal resolution which will impose additional computational cost on stack simulations. It seems that in the near future the best alternative would be to use reduced order physics based models such as those presented in Section 5.2 with appropriate empirical input and experimental validation to get the most benefit out of computational studies. 

The temporal resolution of the multiple parent-daughter pairs within the uranium decay chain, 238U- Th (approaching secular equilibrium with a 75 ka half-life), °Th- Ra (1,500 a) and (—32 ka) is a powerful tool. It has been used to estimate the elapsed time between subduction modification of the mantle and lava emption to the surface, and to identify multiple... 

Development of powerful spectroscopy and microscopy techniques, which allow us to study underlying chemical transformations that govern the performance of catalysts, including reaction mechanisms and the evolution of catalyst structure, with high spatial and temporal resolutions and at relevant conditions [2-6]. Development of density functional theory (DFT) methodology, which is utilized to study chemical transformations at the elementary step level with reasonable accuracy and efficiency [7]. DFT is particularly well suited for the treatment of extended metallic structures, which are often ideal model systems for heterogeneous catalytic processes [8-11]. 

Measurement of mineral-water interface structure during surface reactions provides direct insight into mineral reactivity and is a powerful approach for understanding complex interfacial reactions. It is currently not possible to provide a complete structural measurement with a temporal resolution of a few minutes. It is, however, possible to measure representative changes in real time in a way that provides important constraints on the dissolution process. Such measurements can also be coupled with high-resolution measurements of previously reacted surfaces to provide snapshots of the reacted surface. 

Numerical models try to accurately predict the behavior of a jet breaking up. If one wants to exactly solve the full set of equations (Navier-Stokes, energy, etc.) one needs to perform direct numerical simulations (DNS), which requires tremendous computational power. The computational power available today only allows modeling of simple flow with low spatial and temporal resolution. Researchers are therefore required to make approximatimis that simplify the governing equations and thereby reduce the complexity of the system. 

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