Templation, self-assembly based

In the case of soft-template self-assembly synthesis, mesostructure assembly and morphology growth can be controlled concurrently. Due to the versatility of the solvent-based soft-template self-assembly process, highly ordered mesoporous carbons can be produced relatively easily with different morphologies such as thin film and membrane, " monolith,fibre,sphere, rod, single-crystal, " and discus-like crystal. Initially, mesoporous carbons synthesised with soft templates were exclusively in the form of films. " ... 

By tuning precursor properties formation of covalent bonds takes place by using different templates with required physicochemical properties to enhance the functional behavior via self-assembly based on soft chemical approach. 

The formation of nanostructures such as nanodot arrays has drawn a great attention due to the feasible applications in a variety of functional structures and nanodevices containing optoelectronic device, information storage, and sensing media [1-3]. The various methods such as self-assembled nanodots from solution onto substrate, strain-induced growth, and template-based methods have been proposed for the fabrication of nanodot arrays on a large area, [4-6]. However, most of these works can be applied to the small scale systems due to the limited material systems. 

Protein is an excellent natural nanomaterial for molecular machines. Protein-based molecular machines, often driven by an energy source such as ATP, are abundant in biology. Surfactant peptide molecules undergo self-assembly in solution to form a variety of supermolecular structures at the nanoscale such as micelles, vesicles, unilamellar membranes, and tubules (Maslov and Sneppen, 2002). These assemblies can be engineered to perform a broad spectrum of functions, including delivery systems for therapeutics and templates for nanoscale wires in the case of tubules, and to create and manipulate different structures from the same peptide for many different nanomaterials and nanoengineering applications. 

The self-assembly of an imprinted layer on the surface of a transducer was realized through the adsorption of the template on gold, Si02, or ln02 surfaces followed by treatment with an alkylthiol or organosilane (Hirsch et al. 2003). The first example of this type of sensor was reported in 1987 by Tabushi and coworkers (1987). Octadecylchlorosilane was chemisorbed in the presence of n-hexadecane onto tin dioxide or silicon dioxide for electrochemical detection of phylloquinone, menaqui-none, topopherol, cholesterol, and adamantane. Another MlP-based sensor was... 

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