Template-Based Methods

The program system COBRA [118, 119] can be regarded as a rule- and data-based approach, but also applies the principles of fragment-based (or template-based) methods extensively (for a detailed description sec Chapter 11, Sections 7.1 and 7.2 in the Handbook). COBRA uses a library of predefined, optimized 3D molecular fragments which have been derived from crystal structures and foi ce-field calculations. Each fi agment contains some additional information on... 

The formation of nanostructures such as nanodot arrays has drawn a great attention due to the feasible applications in a variety of functional structures and nanodevices containing optoelectronic device, information storage, and sensing media [1-3]. The various methods such as self-assembled nanodots from solution onto substrate, strain-induced growth, and template-based methods have been proposed for the fabrication of nanodot arrays on a large area, [4-6]. However, most of these works can be applied to the small scale systems due to the limited material systems. 

Hulteen JC, Martin CR (1997) A general template-based method for the preparation of nanomaterials. J Mater Chem 7 1075-1087... 

Gold nanorods (GNRs) can be produced with reasonable yields through several approaches such as template-based methods [158, 159], electrochemical methods [160, 161], or via seed-mediated wet chemistry methods. Due to their simplicity and the ease of nanorod size and shape control, the latter, seed-mediated growth methods in the presence or absence of Ag+ ions are commonly preferred [162-165],... 

Nanocomposites are materials in which nanoparticles (in this case, nanorods) are dispersed in a continuous matrix. The matrix may be a polymer, nanorods, or other nanoparticles. Nanorod composites find applications in diverse areas such as efficient charge storage, removal of contaminants (e.g. surfactant) from water, emissivity control devices, and metallodielectrics, and so on. A number of methods such as electroless deposition, the sol-gel method, the hydrothermal method, solution casting, carbother-mal reduction, the template-based method, the sonochemical method, and electrospinning can be used to prepare composite nanorods. Nanorod composites are different from core-shell nanorods. In core-shell nanorods, the coating is uniform, whereas in the nanorod composite (consisting of a nanorod and a nanoparticle on a surface), fine nanoparticles are dispersed on the surface of the nanorods. Some specific examples of the preparation of nanocomposites consisting of nanorods are described below. 

Semiconducting one-dimensional (ID) nanolibers or nanowires are of interest for a wide variety of applications including interconnects, functional devices, and molecular sensors as well as for fundamental physics studies. Devices have been fabricated fi om semiconductor, and carbon nanotubes, and more recently from ICP nanofibers. It has been predicted that ICP nanofibers will have unique electrical, optical, and magnetic properties [134]. Several different methods for producing these ICP nanofibers have been developed with or without the aid of a template. The template-based methods involve synthesizing a tubular structure of the ICP within the pores of a support membrane, such as an alumina membrane [135] or a track-etched polycarbonate membrane [136]. However, more recent work has... 

A variety of methods can be used for registering the patient to pre- or intraoperative imaging data including point-based methods using (left) bone-implanted fiducials [25], (center) surface-based methods [26], or (right) template-based methods [20]. 

Hu J, Odom TW, Lieber CM (1999) Chemistry and physics in one dimension synthesis and properties of nanowires and nanotubes. Acc Chem Res 32 435 45 Hulteen JC, Martin CR (1997) A general template-based method for the preparation of nanomaterials. J Mater Chem 7 1075-1087... 

Template-based methods have so far been the only successfiil strategies to obtain zirconia nanorods or nanotubes with high aspect ratios. Hollow zirconia nanotubes were first prepared by Rao et al., using carbon nanotubes as templates... 

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