Templates template fabrication

In addition to chemical or physical properties, a fascinating aspect of fullerene related materials is their central empty space, where atoms, molecules or particles can be enclosed. The enclosed particles are then protected by the robust graphitic layers from chemical or mechanical effects. The very long cavities of CNTs have a special potential due to their high aspect ratio and they can be used as templates to fabricate elongated nanostructures. 

The use of DNA as a template to fabricate mesoscale structures was also demonstrated in a recent work of Torimoto and coworkers. They used preformed, positively charged 3-nm CdS nanoparticles with a thiocholine-modified surface to be assembled into chains by using the electrostatic interaction between positively charged nanoparticle snr-faces and the phosphate groups of DNA. As determined by TEM analysis, the CdS nanoparticles were arranged in a qnasi-one-dimensional dense packing. This revealed interparticle distances of about 3.5 nm, which is almost equal to the height of one helical tnm of the DNA double strand [98]. 

Stoltenberg RM, Woolley AT (2004) DNA-templated nanowire fabrication. Biomed Microdevices 6 105-111... 

R. Hernandez, L. Richter, S. Semancik, S. Stranick, and T. E. Mallouk, Template fabrication of protein-functionaUzed gold-poly(pyrrole)-gold segmented nanowires, Chem. Mater. 16, 3431— 3438 (2004). 

Li+ intercalation material (V. M. Cepak and C. R. Martin, unpublished). These results, which will be the subject of a future paper, show that other synthetic methodologies, in addition to CVD, can be used to make micro-structured battery electrodes like those described here. In addition, the underlying microtubular current collector does not have to be Au. Microtubules composed of graphite [35] or other metals [1,3] (e.g., Ni) could be used. Finally, for the advantages noted above to be realized in practical cells, large-scale template-fabrication methods would have to be developed. 

Maury P, Escalante M, Reinhoudt DN, Huskens J (2005) Directed assembly of nanoparticles onto polymer-imprinted or chemically patterned templates fabricated by nanoimprint lithography. Adv Mater 17 2718-2723... 

Since the discovery of ordered mesoporous materials, researchers have explored many possible applications that can take advantage of the unique compositional or structural features of mesoporous materials. In addition to apphcations in traditional areas such as catalysis, separation, and ion exchange, new applications that might involve mesoporous materials include stationary phases in HPLC, bio and macromolecular separations, low dielectric constant materials, enzyme immobilization, optical host materials, templates for fabrication of porous carbons, and reactions in confined enviromnents. 

As described above, ILs for functionalization of CNTs are generally low molecular organic salts. Recently, Chen et al. [146] have employed PIL-functionalized MWCNTs to serve as the templates for fabrication of metal NP hybrids. In this method, the IL of 3-ethyl-l-vinylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EVimBF ) was in situ polymerized to form a poly(EVunBF ) shell on the surface of MWCNTs (Fig. 15.11). This not only makes MWCNTs uniform dispersion in water but also serves as the medium to stabilize and grow metal NPs. It is noted that metal NPs (e.g., Pt, PtRu) are uniformly dispersed on the supported surface of poly(EVimBF )/... 

Niwa D, Yamada Y, Homma T, Osaka T (2004) Formation of molecular templates for fabricating on-chip biosensing devices. J Phys Chem B 108 3240-3245... 

Use as a template to fabricate nanoparticulate systems The inherent thermodynamic stability, large interfacial area and small droplet size of the microemulsions enable them to act as a template for facile synthesis of pharmaceutical nanoparticulates systems such as solid lipid nanoparticles [11] and nanosuspensions [12]. Additionally, microemulsions represent nanoreactors which can be tailored to fabricate pharmaceutical nanomaterials. 

Figure 9. Templating fabrication of Pt nanoparticles prepared by the controlled removal of CO from the Chini cluster anions [Pt3(CO)6]n (n = 5,6) synthesized in FSM-16, and the Pt nanowires by the exposure of H2PtCl6/FSM-16 with 2-propanol and water to y-rays or UV-light.

Plasmochemical synthesis of carbon nanotubes was carried out at 500-700 °C in the barrier-discharge reactor with two coaxial electrodes between which the pulsed voltage (10 kV, 25 kHz) was applied. As the synthetic reaction, the disproportion of carbon monoxide was used. All experiments were performed at atmospheric pressure. Nickel-modified hexagonal close-packed nanochannel alumina templates were fabricated by anodization of aluminum with subsequent... 

Taniguchi, J., Koga, K., Kogo, Y, and I. Miyamoto. 2006. Rapid and three-dimensional nanoimprint template fabrication technology using ion beam lithography. Microelectronic Engineering 83 940-943. 

Other Ordered Mesoporous Silicas as Hard Template Other mesoporous silicas including MCM-41, HMS, MSU-1, MSU-H, SBA-1, SBA-7, SBA-12 and SBA-16 have also been explored as hard templates to fabricate mesoporous carbons. Mesoporous silica MCM-41, which has hexagonally ordered cylindrical one-dimensional pores, was found to be unsuitable as a template for mesoporous carbon as its use yielded disordered high surface area microporous carbon. This is due to the absence of complementary micropores within the MCM-41 silica walls. However, Tian et al. have successfully produced self-supported, ordered, ultrathin carbon nanowire arrays by employing the mesoporous silica MCM-41 as template.The carbon nanowire arrays exhibit high surface areas up to 1400 m g , large pore volumes of 1.1 cm g and uniform mesopore size of ca 2.2 nm. 

---