Temperature dependence of the liquid

The effects of temperature on the color development of the porous film in chlorobenzene were shown in Table 6 [23]. The coloration was reversible thermochromism. The refractive index of the materials generally decreases as the temperature increases, and the temperature dependence of the liquid is greater than that of the solid. For example, the temperature dependence (A/id/°C) of PVA and chlorobenzene was found to be 3.0 x 10 and 4.5 x 10" at 589.3 nm. Consequently, it is interpreted that the wavelength of the crosspoint between the dispersion curves of PVA and chlorobenzene shifts from the long side to the short side with increasing tem-... 

By contrast, the liquid-phase Schmidt numbers range from about 102 to 104 and depend strongly on temperature. The temperature dependence of the liquid-phase Schmidt number derives primarily from the strong dependence of the liquid viscosity on temperature. 

Wunderlich et al. (1988) have confirmed the linear temperature dependence of the liquid heat capacities and derived group contributions for the whole temperature range of 250-750 K. His values are reproduced in Table 5.4. 

Many of the thermodynamic and transport properties of liquid water can be qualitatively understood if attention is focused on the statistical properties of the hydrogen bond network [9]. As an example, let us observe the temperature dependence of density and entropy. As temperature decreases, the number of intact bonds increases and the coordination number is closer to the ideal value 4. Because of the large free volume available the temperature decrease is associated with an increase of the local molecular volume. This effect superimposes of course to the classical anharmonic effects which dominate at high temperature, when the number of intact bonds is smaller. The consequence of both effects is a maximum on the temperature dependence of the liquid density. This maximum is actually at 4°C for normal water and 11 °C for heavy water. Such a large isotopic effect can also be understood because the larger mass of the deuterium makes the hydrogen bonds more stable. 

FIG. 183, Temperature dependence of the liquid phase content for mixes with a narrow (a) and a broad (b) sintering interval. 

Description The temperature dependence of the liquid viscosity is given by ... 

TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE LIQUID VISCOSITIES OF SOME PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS. 

Figure 14.29. Temperature-dependence of the liquid-vapour surface tension for thymol at and above is melting point (51.5°C)...

A further problem of the film compensation technique is the different temperature dependence of the liquid crystal and the polymer foil, which limits the maximum operation temperature. However, it is sufficient... 

The change in the refractive index dn caused by the laser-induced temperature rise dT, described by the term (0 /6p) p in Equation (9.42), is often written in terms of the index gradient dn/dT. For most organic liquids, including isotropic liquid crystals, dn/dT is on the order of 10 " K. Figure 9.12 shows the temperature dependence of the liquid crystal TM74A (from EM Chemicals) as measured in our laboratory. The liquid crystal is a mixture of four chiral nematic materials in the isotropic phase. The measured dn/dT of the material is about 5X10 ... 

A 02 and A 05, which are located in opposing positions within the circuit, can only compensate for one another (ignoring the temperature dependence of the liquid junction potential) in a highly symmetric cell design, i.e. when both reference electrodes are of the same type, so that A 0i = A 0g and A 02 = A 05. In this case, for identical inner and outer (sample) solutions, and again ignoring the liquid junction potential, an EMF of zero is expected. In this special case A 03 = A 04 at all temperatures, and the cell shows absolutely no temperature dependence. Only when the measured ion concentration in the outer solution deviates noticeably from that of the inner solution is an EMF detectable, whose temperature dependence can be approximately (only about 90—98% of the theoretical value) described by the temperature dependent term of the Nernst equation. 

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