Telling detail

The same applies to telling details in the narrative that are not to be confused with fidelity to historical tmth. For example, a girl who gives information to El Cid is said to be nine years old Cantar 4, fine 40) five noble ladies are praying in company with Rodrigo s wife Jimena when he arrives at San Pedro... 

Thus the average velocity decays exponentially to zero on a time scale detennined by the friction coefficient and the mass of the particle. This average behaviour is not very interesting, because it corresponds to tlie average of a quantity that may take values in all directions, due to the noise and friction, and so the decay of the average value tells us little about the details of the motion of the Brownian particle. A more interesting... 

This article was written by a French group. Strike has mixed feelings about French science. On the one hand they are usually quite correct in their chemistry. On the other hand they are always too lazy to write up the details in a comprehensive and detailed manner. It s like they want to tell you how great they are, but they don t want you to share in it. Strike can say this with confidence because Strike has yet to have anyone from France buy any of Strike s books, so Strike knows they won t see this one either (tee heel). 

A similar logic can be applied to copolymers. The story is a bit more complicated to tell, so we only outline the method. If penultimate effects operate, then the probabilities Ph, Pi2> and so on, defined by Eqs. (7.32)-(7.35) should be replaced by conditional probabilities. As a matter of fact, the kind of conditional probabilities needed must be based on the two preceding events. Thus reactions (7.E) and (7.F) are two of the appropriate reactions, and the corresponding probabilities are Pj n and V i2 - Rather than work out all of the possibilities in detail, we summarize the penultimate model as follows ... 

If an incident that happened in your plant is described, you may notice that one or two details have been changed. Sometimes this has been done to make it harder for people to tell where the incident occurred. Sometimes this has been done to make a complicated story simpler but without affecting the essential message. Sometimes—and this is the most likely... 

In all of these cases, the extent and nature of supervision can vary greatly. Like management systems themselves, supervision can be results-oiiented or procedurally focused, depending on the preferences of the company and the individual. One boss may tell her staff, "Fix that problem we re having with the product specs in the ag-chem division," and expect to hear no more about it until the problem is resolved. Another supervisor with the same problem may expect a detailed situation analysis, formal recommendations, and con-... 

Obviously the regularity expressed in the qualitative form (a) is far less informative than any one of the quantitative presentations, (b), (c), or (d). The relative merits of the expressions (b), (c), and (d) depend upon the use. Table l-II tells in most detail exactly how much is known about the pressure-volume behavior of oxygen gas (from this experiment). In the graphical presentation of Figure 1-8 the trend of the data is shown by the smooth curve drawn to pass near as many points as possible. Uncertainties caused... 

Actually, then, by our symbol jjU we are representing not an atom, but a nucleus. Our equation is written in terms of nuclei and particles associated with them. This nuclear equation tells us nothing about what compound ol uranium was bombarded with neutrons or what compound of barium is formed. We are summarizing only the nuclear changes. During the nuclear change there is much disruption of other atoms because of the tremendous amounts of energy liberated. We do not know in detail what happens but eventually we return to electrically neutral substances (chemical compounds) and the neutrons are consumed by other nuclei. 

Let s see what the 2-way F-test tells us. Table 9 contains the REV s and F ratios for the data in the two training sets A1 and A2. The details of calculating the F ratios, and determining the values for the numerator and denominator are discussed in Appendix D. 

Khinchine Theorem. It tells us the very important fact that all time functions, no matter what their detailed shape, whose autocorrelation functions are equal, have their power distributed in frequency in an identical way ... 

Many pitfalls await the unwary. Here is a short list, compiled from more detailed considerations by Bunnett.8 One should properly identify the reactants. In particular, does each retain its integrity in the reaction medium A spectroscopic measurement may answer this. The identities of the products cannot be assumed, and both a qualitative identification and a quantitative assay are in order. Pure materials are a must—reagents, salts, buffers, and solvent must be of top quality. Careful purification is always worth one s time, since much more is lost if all the work needs repeating. The avoidance of trace impurities is not always easy. If data are irreproducible, this possibility must be considered. Reactions run in the absence of oxygen (air) may be in order, even if the reactants and products are air-stable. Doing a duplicate experiment, using a spent reaction solution from the first run as the reaction medium, may tell whether the products have an effect or if some trace impurity that altered the rate has been expended. 

Another example is found in the scheme shown in Eqs. (4-50) to (4-52). The rate law, Eq. (4-54), contains two terms, consistent with an intermediate that branches along two channels. The same scheme, but with the first step (formation of the intermediate) rate-controlling, would not reveal this detail. The kinetics tells about what happens in the rate-controlling step, and sometimes prior to it, but not afterward. 

Although thermodynamics can be used to predict the direction and extent of chemical change, it does not tell us how the reaction takes place or how fast. We have seen that some spontaneous reactions—such as the decomposition of benzene into carbon and hydrogen—do not seem to proceed at all, whereas other reactions—such as proton transfer reactions—reach equilibrium very rapidly. In this chapter, we examine the intimate details of how reactions proceed, what determines their rates, and how to control those rates. The study of the rates of chemical reactions is called chemical kinetics. When studying thermodynamics, we consider only the initial and final states of a chemical process (its origin and destination) and ignore what happens between them (the journey itself, with all its obstacles). In chemical kinetics, we are interested only in the journey—the changes that take place in the course of reactions. 

Lewis structures are blueprints that show the distribution of valence electrons in molecules. However, the dots and lines of a Lewis structure do not show any details of how bonds form, how molecules react, or the shape of a molecule. In this respect, a Lewis structure is like the electron configuration of an atom both tell us about electron distributions, but neither provides detailed descriptions. Just as we need atomic orbitals to understand how electrons are distributed in an atom, we need an orbital view to understand how electrons are distributed in a molecule. 

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