Technique, status

Qin, Y.-W. and Dong, J.-Y. 2009. Preparation of nano-compounded p>olyolefin materials through in situ polymerization technique Status quo and future prospects. 

Noor, A.K., Kamel, A. Sc Fulton, R.E. 1978. Substructuring techniques - status and projections. Computers Structures, 8 628-632. 

Thus, CIS is a promising photovoltaic material, but improved processing techniques are needed to achieve commercial production of advanced high efficiency CIS alloy materials. Table 1 summarizes the laboratory and commercial status of significant PV technology. 

To obtain the corrosion current from Rp, values for the anodic and cathodic slopes must be known or estimated. ASTM G59 provides an experimental procedure for measuring Rp. A discussion or the factors which may lead to errors in the values for Rp, and cases where Rp technique cannot be used, are covered by Mansfeld in Polarization Resistance Measurements—Today s Status, Electrochemical Techniques for Corrosion Engineers (NACE International, 1992). 

The recent increase in the understanding of biological processes in lakes has led to the development of ecotechnical methods of manipulating the trophic status of lakes. The most widely used techniques of bio-manipulation involve artificial change in the abundance of predators to enhance grazing of phytoplankton by zooplankton. The increase in grazing pressure reduces phytoplankton densities and results in improved water transparency. 

The site was a drained marsh which received no artificial N inputs, although cattle were present on the site until a couple of weeks before the experiment. NjO emissions were measured by chamber techniques as no instrumental techniques were sensitive enough at that stage to permit micrometeorological measurements. Although spatially very variable, the mean emission rate from the site was 4ng NjO-Nm s h The sporadic measurements made impossible the determination of any response to temperature or water status. 

Hot alignment check. This technique attempts to determine actual alignment status when the machines are hot. When the machines are running, it is impossible to use dial indicator techniques on the shafts. 

Electrochemical Techniques Although the linear polarisation resistance technique has moved beyond the infancy status attributed to it in the original material, its inherent limitations remain, i.e. it is a perturbation technique, sensitive to environmental conductivity and insensitive to localised corrosion. Two developments have occurred ... 

Nowadays biocatalysis is a well-assessed methodology that has moved from the original status of academic curiosity to become a widely exploited technique for preparative-scale reactions, up to the point that the so-called industrial biotechnology (to which biocatalysis contributes to the most extent) is one of the three pillars of the modern sustainable chemistry. 

In the area of predictive toxicology the applicability domain is taken to express the scope and limitations of a model, that is, the range of chemical structures for which the model is considered to be applicable [106]. Although this issue has been fundamental to the use of QSAR (and indeed any predictive technique) since its conception, there remain few reliable methods to define and apply an applicability domain in predictive toxicology. The current status of methods to define the applicability domain for use in (Q)SAR has been assessed recently by Netzeva et al. [106]. 

Probabilistic techniques of estimation provide some Insights Into the potential error of estimation. In the case of krlglng, the variable pCic) spread over the site A is first elevated to the status of a random function PC c). An estimator P (2c) is then built to minimize the estimation variance E [P(2c)-P (2c) ], defined as the expected squared error ( ). The krlglng process not only provides the estimated values pCiyc) from which a kriged map can be produced, but also the corresponding minimum estimation variances 0 (39 ) ... 

Electrochemical On-Line Corrosion Monitoring On-line corrosion monitoring is used to evaluate the status of equipment and piping in chemical process industries (CPI) plants. These monitoring methods are based on electrochemical techniques. To use on-line monitoring effectively, the engineer needs to understand the underlying electrochemical test methods to be employed. This section covers many of these test methods and their applications as well as a review of potential problems encountered with such test instruments and how to overcome or avoid these difficulties. 

The term definitive method is applied to an analytical or measurement method that has a valid and well described theoretical foundation, is based on sound theoretical principles ( first principles ), and has been experimentally demonstrated to have negligible systematic errors and a high level of precision. While a technique may be conceptually definitive, a complete method based on such a technique must be properly applied and must be demonstrated to deserve such a status for each individual application. A definitive method is one in which all major significant parameters have been related by a direct chain of evidence to the base or derived SI units. The property in question is either directly measured in terms of base units of... 

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