Target loads

Target Load the acceptable concentration or dose of an air pollutant that provides a reasonable margin of safety below the critical load. The target load should be achievable under existing conditions. 

Figure 1. Illustration of critical load and target load concepts.

Methods to calculate critical loads from steady-state models do not take time scales for acidification and recoveiy into account. Detailed non-steady-state models have been used to estimate target loads for three watersheds in Norway and Finland (Warfvinge et al., 1992). For reviews on acidification of soils see Reuss and Johnson (1986) and Stumm and Schnoor (in press). Paces (1994) illustrates the modeling of hydrological and biogeochemical responses of a catchment area to anthropogenic inputs. 

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The simplest applicator is a rectangular metal box that can accommodate the target load. When microwaves are launched into such a box via a waveguide launcher, the waves undergo multiple reflections from the walls. The reflected waves interfere and establish a distribution of electrical held within the internal space (including the load) which, within the band of frequencies, correspond to many different stable modes of oscillations. And for this reason it is called a multi-mode applicator. The most common example of such a device is a cavity in domestic microwave oven. 

For a 5-year cycle operation, the target load factor is estimated at 97%, taking into account that the reactor stops for one or two months to exchange cassettes and maintain components after each operation cycle. 

As an interim measure, an assessment of the relative sensitivity of ecosystems to acidic depositions might prove useful so that tentative critical load values could be applied to the relative sensitMly classes and form the basis of target loads that could be used in abatement strategy models. One such attempt at mapping the relative sensitivity of eco stems to the Indirect effects of acidic depositions is now described. 

The map produced shows relative sensitMiy. Target load vedues eire assigned to the classes of relative sensitMiy. The teirget loads eire beised on crltlced load estimates derived using the methods outlined above. Here the teirgets have been set at the same level eis the critical loads for the eco stems. 

Brydges, T.G. and Neary, B.P. (1984). Target loadings to protect surface waters. Ministry of the Environment, Ontario. 

On washcoating, the obtained specific load depertds on the viscosity, the sohd content and the method itsed to remove the sltrrry excess. In general, to obtain the target load repeated coatings that generate thin layers resrrlted in more homogeneorrs layers. 

Figure 4 shows the test srt-up for the seatback anchor pull test The torso portion of each seat belt assembly and the pelvic portion of a type two seat belt assembly (A combination of pelvic lap belt and upper torso shoulda- belt) restraints shall be loaded to 13.34 kN. For each belt load application, all forces shall be adjnsted to 10% of target. The load shall then be increased to 100% of the target load. After holding the load for a minimum of 10 seconds (load apphcation time fiom 10% of load can not exceed 30 seconds), the test loads shall be released and anchorages inspected. 

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