Targets catalyst loading

As seen above with the phosphate receptors, researchers are often not satisfied with only binding their targets, but they also want to mimic enzymes and produce some catalytic activity from their receptors. De Mendoza and collaborators used the bicyclic guanidinium 47 to effect the addition of pyrrolidine to a,p unsaturated lactones [79]. Using a 10% catalyst loading in chloroform, an eightfold reduction in the half-life of the starting materials was observed by... 

As of year 2005, methods (A3) and (Bl) are mostly practiced, with (A4) emerging as an advanced concept targeting CCMs with ultralow catalyst loadings. 

Although this was an outstanding first example of enantioselective reductive amination that achieved the project s ee target, the final industrial process actually employed the corresponding preformed and isolated imine because ofthe advantage of reducing by one hundredth the catalyst loading compared to the reductive amination process outlined here [8]. 

Whichever the synthesis route and the electrocatalytic performance, a certain lack of consistency between different electrocatalysts has been pointed out, suggesting the coexistence of a number of metal and/or oxidized phases in those systems. On the other hand, most reports fail to give the actual metallic loading of the final catalysts, or the Pt to Sn stoichiometry of the particles, or, more importantly for the sake of reproducibility of the methods, the target metal loading and Pt Sn atomic ratio. 

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