Taper configuration

The taper configuration of Figure 19.6 will not produce a sharp separation. In this case, only the less-permeable component tends to be recovered in the pure form as the reject. The permeate product is a mixture, although the proportions will differ from the feed. The effect is similar to the concept of stripping the more permeable component from the reject phase. 

The taper configuration can be changed so that the more permeable component will be concentrated in the permeate, whereas the reject product will be a mixture. This would correspond to rectification or absorption, in which the more permeable component is concentrated in the permeate phase. The less permeable component is absorbed from the permeate phase. 

Figure 2.19 Typical RO and NF membrane array. The tapered configuration has four pressure vessels in Stage I, two in Stage 2, and one in stage 3. Source Wittman and Thorsen.

Figure 1.6 Taper configuration. (Source Hoffman and Hoffman, Venkataraman, and Cox. )...

Section 6.3.3.3 studies RO in bulk flow parallel to the force configuration and describes various membrane transport considerations and flux expressions. Practical RO membranes are employed in devices with bulk feed flow perpendicular to the force configuration, as illustrated in Section 7.2.I.2. A simplified solution for a spiral-wound RO membrane is developed analytical expressions for the water flux as well as for salt rejection are obtained and illustrated through example problem solving. A total of sbt worked example problems have been provided up to Chapter 7. Chapter 9 (Figure 9.1.5) shows a RO cascade in a tapered configuration. Section 10.1.2 calculates the minimum energy required in reverse osmosis based desalination and compares it with that in evaporation. Section 11.2 covers the sequence of separation steps in a water treatment process for both desalination and ultrapure water production. The very important role played by RO in such plants is clearly illustrated. 

A variety of mounting configurations are used to attach sprockets to their mating shafts. The most common has a tapered keyway that acts as a wedge when the key is driven in. No setscrews are provided with this type of key installation. 

Pilla, P. Foglia Manzillo, P. Giordano, M. Korwin Pawlowski, M. L. Bock, W. J. Cusano, A., Spectral behavior of thin film coated cascaded tapered long period gratings in multiple configurations, Opt. Express 2008, 16, 9765 9780... 

The enhancement techniques briefly described in this section are just a few of those that can be used to make cavity-enhanced evanescent-wave chemical detection even more sensitive. The use of dielectric microresonators with tapered-fiber coupling enables performance that is difficult to achieve in other configurations, while minimizing the sensor size. 

Fig. 17.11 Left Outline of fiber taper coupling scheme to microsphere resonator. Reproduced from Ref. 33. Right Fiber taper coupling configuration for liquid embedded microdroplet. Reprinted from Ref. 35 with permission. 2008 Optical Society of America...

Lord et al. analyzed a mixture of steroids by CEC-ESI/MS and interfaced externally tapered CEC columns in both sheathless and sheath-flow arrangement. Sensitivity was found 20-fold higher in the sheathless configuration. The same conclusion was drawn by Warriner et ah, who evaluated CEC-nanospray/MS vs. CEC-microspray/MS with an ion trap using five corticosteroids. Cahours et al. used CEC-ESI/MS for a drug metabolism study and obtained a simultaneous baseline separation of flunitrazepam and its major metabolites. For CEC-ESI/MS coupling, the commercially available packed-CEC column was connected... 

Besides space charge, image quality is limited by the combination of the number of pixels of the CCD camera and the size of a single ion event. The PSD usually employs two micro-channel plates (MCPs) mounted in a chevron configuration and backed by a phosphor screen. A product ion causes an electron cascade through the channel plates and onto the phosphor, which emits a pulse of diffuse light that must be focused properly onto the CCD array with a camera lens or fiber optic taper. In this process one product ion results in a signal on the CCD that is usually several pixels... 

The presence of internals in a bed, such as baffles and heat exchangers, or variation in geometric configurations, such as tapered geometry, can affect the flow behavior. The classification scheme in Fig. 9.3 is, however, generally applicable to these situations. 

The flow configuration of building block 3, of two non-parallel plates in relative motion, shown in Fig. 6.19, was analyzed in detail in Example 2.8 using the lubrication approximation and the Reynolds equation. This flow configuration is not only relevant to knife coating and calendering, but to SSEs as well, because the screw channel normally has constant-tapered sections. As shown in Fig. 6.19, the gap between the plates of length L is Ho and II at the entrance and exit, respectively, and the upper plate moves at constant velocity Vo-... 

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